易腐性有机垃圾的产生与处理技术途径比较

我国城市垃圾以易腐性有机垃圾为主.目前有关管理部门提出逐步减少进入填埋场的易腐性有机垃圾量,因此,必须寻求其他填埋替代技术消纳易腐性有机垃圾物流.本文对几种常规技术方案进行了比较.认为应该根据非餐饮业和餐饮业易腐性有机垃圾各自的产生源特点,采取不同的处理方案;但目前这些替代技术用于处理易腐垃圾时均存在各自的缺陷.本文据此提出了相应的技术完善要求和配套管理政策建议.     

模拟淋溶场景下典型POPs废物的释放规律

以含硫丹废物(硫丹乳油生产废弃物)和含多溴联苯醚废物(废旧打印机外壳)为研究对象,分别研究了在含硫丹废物堆存和含多溴联苯醚废物简单填埋场景下的浸出动态变化规律,并采用相关模型对其浸出规律进行模拟.结果表明,在0~48 h这段时间内,硫丹和多溴联苯醚(BDE-28、BDE-47和BDE-66)的浸出量增加较多,48 h之后,渐趋稳定;整个过程的浸出速率均随时间的延长而减小;其中,累积浸出量和浸出速率大小依次为:α-硫丹>β-硫丹,BDE-47>BDE-28>BDE-66.并且α-硫丹、β-硫丹和多溴联苯醚(BDE-28、BDE-47和BDE-66)的累积浸出量随时间的变化趋势可用Elovich方程进行拟合,表明硫丹与多溴联苯醚的浸出过程是非均相扩散过程.     

循环流化床锅炉燃烧城市生活垃圾的研究进展

城市生活垃圾(MSW)产量的与日俱增及环保要求的不断提高,使循环流化床(CFB)燃烧技术逐渐在MSW的回收和利用方面扮演越来越重要的角色.简要分析了国内外采用分类回收及综合利用、卫生填埋、堆肥和一般焚烧方法处理MSW的不足之处以及采用CFB燃烧技术的优越性,重点介绍了国内外采用CFB燃烧装置焚烧MSW的研究和应用现状,指出了目前存在的问题及努力的方向.采用CFB燃烧装置焚烧MSW关于SO2、NOx、CO排放的实验研究和运行结果令人满意,但对HCl、二恶英及重金属排放还需要进一步研究.试验及实际运行结果都表明,采用CFB燃烧装置对MSW进行焚烧处理是切实可行的,它将是未来解决MSW问题的重要手段.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰冶金性能研究

垃圾焚烧飞灰是危险废物因而必须进行处理.用冶金高温熔融分离来处理飞灰是一个新的无害化处理方法.在了解飞灰特性的基础上,研究了飞灰的冶金性能.对飞灰进行冷固结造球,并分析了球团的强度和浸出毒性;测试了球团的粘度和熔化性温度;进行了飞灰球团高温熔融分离实验,分析了熔渣中的重金属和浸出毒性.实验结果表明,飞灰的矿物组成主要是CaO、SiO2等氧化物;选择7%消石灰,添加1%糖浆进行飞灰冷固结,并养护18d,单个球团平均抗压强度可达到1005 N,球团的浸出毒性没有超标.飞灰的熔化性温度范围为1250～1290℃,此时的熔渣粘度较低;飞灰高温熔融分离的适宜工艺参数为:熔融温度1400℃,熔融时问10min,球团碱度1.8,金属熔池与飞灰球团配比为5:4,金属熔融分离效果很好;飞灰经过1300℃以上的高温熔融,熔渣远远低于浸出毒性标准.     

Bacterial interactions with uranium: An environmental perspective

The presence of actinides in radioactive wastes is of major concern because of their potential for migration from the waste repositories and long-term contamination of the environment. Studies have been and are being made on inorganic processes affecting the migration of radionuclides from these repositories to the environment but it is becoming increasingly evident that microbial processes are of importance as well. Bacteria interact with uranium through different mechanisms including, biosorption at the cell surface, intracellular accumulation, precipitation, and redox transformations (oxidation/reduction). The present study is intended to give a brief overview of the key processes responsible for the interaction of actinides e.g. uranium with bacterial strains isolated from different extreme environments relevant to radioactive repositories. Fundamental understanding of the interaction of these bacteria with U will be useful for developing appropriate radioactive waste treatments, remediation and long-term management strategies as well as for predicting the microbial impacts on the performance of the radioactive waste repositories.     

废皮革水泥窑共处置生命周期评价

以废皮革为典型固体废物开展水泥窑共处置试烧试验.以生命周期评价方法(LCA)为研究手段,对水泥窑共处置技术的环境影响进行评价,并与常规水泥生产过程作比较.结果表明:常规水泥生产过程的综合环境负荷为7.028×10-12 a-1,其中最大的环境负荷为全球变暖,达3.368×10-12 a-1.当废皮革作为替代燃料在水泥窑中共处置时,可减少燃煤的使用量,同时降低CO₂的排放,降低了能源消耗、人体健康损害等方面的环境压力;其综合环境负荷为6.618×10-12 a-1,比常规水泥生产降低了5.83%.      

Future solutions for the treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes in China

The current status of the treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes in China is summarized on the basis of the results of the Declaring and Registration Project initiated nationally in 1995. A principle framework for the sound management of hazardous wastes is proposed, which includes three levels of technical solutions. Large-scale enterprises are encouraged to recycle, to treat, and to dispose of wastes by means of constructing facilities, and to have their extra capacities available to the public for a reasonable fee. Municipal governments, provincial governments, and the Central Government are to plan and construct centralized facilities to recycle, treat, and dispose of wastes. For a solution at the manufacturing level, recycling is identified as the main approach. Centralized facilities at the municipal level will mainly focus on special wastes that are unsuitable to transport and store, such as hospital waste, and for the technical solution at this level, incineration and recycling are identified as the main approaches. For the technical solution at the provincial and national levels, landfill and incineration are identified as the main approaches. Based on this principle and the current available data on hazardous wastes, a preliminary plan for the spatial distribution of cross-provincial centralized treatment and disposal facilities of hazardous wastes is presented. The construction of approximately nine cross-provincial comprehensive facilities is proposed. A priority list for the construction of these planned facilities is also presented.     

固体XM菌剂对生活垃圾减容和除臭的研究

在密闭的容器中考察不同条件下固体XM菌剂对生活垃圾的减容和除臭效果.结果表明,固体XM菌剂不但可防止新鲜生活垃圾变臭,而且对已产生的生活垃圾臭味具有明显的消除效果.固体XM菌剂可使新鲜的生活垃圾在降解过程中仅产生少量臭味,到15 d时基本消失并产生酯香气味,减容量可达46%.用质量分数为3%的固体XM菌剂处理已发臭的生活垃圾,15 d时氨气和硫化氢的释放量分别减少54.8%和49.0%.此外,保持较高的温度以及50%～60%的垃圾含水量,除臭效果最佳.从垃圾降解过程中渗滤液的产生量、澄清度、酸碱度和气味的变化分析得出,固体XM菌剂已成为垃圾发酵过程中的主导菌群,这可能是生活垃圾除臭的根本原因.     

印刷线路板废弃物的热解与动力学实验研究

分别应用管式炉反应器和热重分析手段对印刷线路板废弃物的热解行为和热解动力学进行了实验研究.在管式炉中,研究不同的热解温度:700～950℃,对产物分布和气体成分分布的影响.实验结果表明:PCB热解气体的主要成分是H2和CO2,气体的热值较低,仅为2.09～5.41 MJ/m3,PCB不适合以气体产物为目标的能源利用方式.应用Friedman方法对PCB的热解动力学进行了研究,求得PCB的热解动力学参数分别是:表观活化能190.92 kJ/mol,反应级数5.97,指前因子lnA47.14 min-1.     

生物滤池处理生活垃圾恶臭

采用植物纤维性材料作为生物滤池滤料，接种人工培养的芽抱杆菌、酵母菌等14种不同的微生物。以NH3、H2S为检测指标，研究生物滤池脱除生活垃圾恶臭的可行性及其工艺，分析气体流量、进气总量和洗气装置对恶臭气体去率的影响。实验表明在维持一定恶臭气体进气浓度，气体流量Q≤48m3/h的情况下，生物滤池对恶臭气体具有较高的去除率；对滤料中微生物的分析表明，酵母菌、乳酸菌是生活垃圾脱臭的主要功能菌。