安徽省近十余年市域综合实力的空间格局

在建立指标体系的基础上，对安徽省市域1991-2002年时段的经济活动进行了实证分析，刻画了20世纪90年代以来安徽省综合实力空间分布格局的动态变化：在时间纬度上，市域差异呈逐步扩大趋势，在空间结构上表现出明显的省城中心性和沿江指向性，并指出今后这种格局还在进一步变动中，市域间的经济实力悬殊加剧的趋势将不可避免。最后提出高梯度区、中梯度区立足于制造业，准低梯度区和低梯度区立足于大农业，实施“东向”战略，尽快融入“长三角”的发展思路。     

A Multi‐Scale Analysis of Single‐Family Residential Water Use in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area

Studies that evaluate determinants of residential water demand typically use data from a single spatial scale. Although household‐scale data are preferred, especially when econometric models are used, researchers may be limited to aggregate data. There is little, if any, empirical analysis to assess whether spatial scale may lead to ecological fallacy problems in residential water use research. Using linear mixed‐effects models, we compare the results for the relationship of single‐family water use with its determinants using data from the household and census tract scales in the city of Phoenix. Model results between the household and census tract scale are similar suggesting the ecological fallacy may not be significant. Common significant determinants on these two spatial scales include household size, household income, house age, pool size, irrigable lot size, precipitation, and temperature. We also use city/town scale data from the Phoenix metropolitan area to parameterize the linear mixed‐effects model. The difference in the parameter estimates of those common variables compared to the first two scales indicates there is spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between single‐family water use and its determinants among cities and towns. The negative relationship between single‐family house density and residential water use suggests that residential water consumption could be reduced through coordination of land use planning and water demand management.     

THE VULNERABILITY OF WETLANDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A HYDROLOGIC LANDSCAPE PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT: The vulnerability of wetlands to changes in climate depends on their position within hydrologic landscapes. Hydrologic landscapes are defined by the flow characteristics of ground water and surface water and by the interaction of atmospheric water, surface water, and ground water for any given locality or region. Six general hydrologic landscapes are defined; mountainous, plateau and high plain, broad basins of interior drainage, riverine, flat coastal, and hummocky glacial and dune. Assessment of these landscapes indicate that the vulnerability of all wetlands to climate change fall between two extremes: those dependent primarily on precipitation for their water supply are highly vulnerable, and those dependent primarily on discharge from regional ground water flow systems are the least vulnerable, because of the great buffering capacity of large ground water flow systems to climate change.     

Decreased Runoff Response to Precipitation,Little Missouri River Basin,Northern Great Plains,USA

High variability in precipitation and streamflow in the semiarid northern Great Plains causes large uncertainty in water availability. This uncertainty is compounded by potential effects of future climate change. We examined historical variability in annual and growing season precipitation, temperature, and streamflow within the Little Missouri River Basin and identified differences in the runoff response to precipitation for the period 1976‐2012 compared to 1939‐1975 (n = 37 years in both cases). Computed mean values for the second half of the record showed little change (<5%) in annual or growing season precipitation, but average annual runoff at the basin outlet decreased by 22%, with 66% of the reduction in flow occurring during the growing season. Our results show a statistically significant (p < 0.10) 27% decrease in the annual runoff response to precipitation (runoff ratio). Surface‐water withdrawals for various uses appear to account for <12% of the reduction in average annual flow volume, and we found no published or reported evidence of substantial flow reduction caused by groundwater pumping in this basin. Results of our analysis suggest that increases in monthly average maximum and minimum temperatures, including >1°C increases in January through March, are the dominant driver of the observed decrease in runoff response to precipitation in the Little Missouri River Basin.     

广州土壤中短链氯化石蜡的含量水平和分布特征

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)是一类新的持久性有机污染物(POPs),目前我国相关研究较少。为了解SCCPs在土壤中的污染现状和分布特征,测定了24个广州土样(含3个剖面采样点)中SCCPs的含量,分析了其同族体分布模式。结果表明:广州表层土壤中SCCPs的含量变化范围为6.8～541.2ng/g,均值为79.6ng/g;剖面土壤中SCCPs的含量范围为7.5～115.8ng/g,均值为33.1ng/g。不同类型土壤中SCCPs各同系物组分的分布模式相似,以碳原子数为10和11的Cl6-SCCPs/Cl7-SCCPs为主。     

山西省太谷县农业水环境地域划分研究

采用D8算法的典型方法,使用ArcGIS对DEM进行一系列数据分析,对太谷县水环境地域划分进行了研究。首先科学判断并纠正DEM数据,其次计算无洼地水流流向、汇流累积量,再次提取河网和分析特征。结果得出了太谷县29类集水区,并划分了7类农业水环境地域分布区：高集水区、较高集水区、一般集水区、较低集水区、低集水区、空集水区、非集水区,进而可划分出太谷县五大特色农业地域布局。     

两种沉水植物附着生物种群特征对水深的响应研究

选取浅水湖泊中两种常见沉水植物上的附着生物作为研究对象,通过显微观测和16S rRNA高通量测序的方法,探究原位实验条件下水深(分别以T1、T2、T3、T4代表0.6、1.2、1.8和2.4 m)对狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malainus)附着藻类和附着细菌种群组成及其多样性特征的影响.结果表明,沉水植物附着生物种群特征与水深和生物种类有关,试验组中所有水深梯度下的狐尾藻附着生物群落的自养指数(AI)均大于马来眼子菜,且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m的AI值较高,较大水深1.8~2.4 m的AI值较低.两种沉水植物表面附着藻类组成随水深变化差异显著(p0.05),绿藻门和硅藻门仍占种群绝对优势;附着细菌种群随水深梯度的变化差异也显著(p0.05),但主要包括有Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes等优势菌群,同种沉水植物或相似水层深度间的附着细菌组成和丰度有较高的相似性,并且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m中拥有更多特有的细菌种类.研究发现,相同水深时狐尾藻附着藻类的多样性大于马来眼子菜,而马来眼子菜附着细菌多样性大于狐尾藻,且位于中等水深1.2~1.8 m时两种沉水植物附着藻类和附着细菌的多样性往往最高.通过水深对沉水植物附着生物种群特征影响的研究,可为揭示沉水植物表面微生态作用规律提供参考.     

农业废物好氧堆肥中氨氧化细菌的群落结构

应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术对农业废物好氧堆肥过程中氨氧化细菌（ammonia-oxidizingbacteria,AOB）种群结构随时间的变化情况进行了研究,结果表明,AOB群落的Shannon-Weaver指数初始值为2.58,堆肥结束时为2.02,多样性整体呈下降趋势.通过对部分优...     

重金属在灰尘及其水溶解相中的分布特征及其影响因素——以南昌市为例

以南昌市为例,分析了不同功能区和公交车站降尘及其水溶解相中重金属浓度的空间分布特征.同时结合多种分析技术,探究降尘及其水溶解相理化性质对降尘重金属在固-液相中分配行为的影响.结果表明:南昌市降尘及其水溶解相中总重金属浓度范围分别为310~4393μg/g和2.17~55.62μg/g.两相中重金属的空间分布可能受到车流量较大的交通干线和汽车轮胎零件磨损的影响,其高值区主要分布于南昌县政府、部分高校以及客运站、驾校附近.风险评价的结果表明,南昌市降尘重金属综合生态风险总体处于中等水平,且Cr和As具有一定的致癌风险.溶解态中重金属所占百分比(K值)的排序为:Ni>Mn>Cu>As>Cr>Zn>Pb,K值的空间分布高值区多分布于人口密集地区、交通道路以及汽车客运站附近.大部分降尘及其水溶解相的理化性质与Pb、As、Mn具有显著正相关关系,降尘溶解相中较高的溶解性有机碳和腐殖化程度对重金属向溶解相中的释放具有重要作用.     

类比法在圆明园防渗工程环评中的应用

生态系统以其复杂性、需长期监测的特点成为环境影响评价中的难点。文章采用了类比法,以圆明园防渗铺膜工程的生态影响评价为例,选取了铺膜1年的圆明园26#湖,铺膜3年的北京植物园湖,铺膜10年的中央党校湖,清淤未铺膜的颐和园昆明湖和未清淤未铺膜的密云水库作为类比对象,对水生生态系统中的底栖动物、浮游藻类、浮游动物和水生维管植物进行了类比,为圆明园防渗工程的生态影响评价和预测提供了有力的依据。实践证明,合理的类比法应用可以快速有效地对工程项目的生态影响进行评价。