全文获取类型
收费全文 | 923篇 |
免费 | 95篇 |
国内免费 | 165篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 1篇 |
废物处理 | 2篇 |
环保管理 | 621篇 |
综合类 | 354篇 |
基础理论 | 69篇 |
污染及防治 | 12篇 |
评价与监测 | 55篇 |
社会与环境 | 62篇 |
灾害及防治 | 7篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 4篇 |
2023年 | 11篇 |
2022年 | 14篇 |
2021年 | 27篇 |
2020年 | 26篇 |
2019年 | 34篇 |
2018年 | 15篇 |
2017年 | 34篇 |
2016年 | 36篇 |
2015年 | 52篇 |
2014年 | 27篇 |
2013年 | 63篇 |
2012年 | 62篇 |
2011年 | 51篇 |
2010年 | 42篇 |
2009年 | 54篇 |
2008年 | 39篇 |
2007年 | 43篇 |
2006年 | 68篇 |
2005年 | 48篇 |
2004年 | 44篇 |
2003年 | 54篇 |
2002年 | 56篇 |
2001年 | 30篇 |
2000年 | 38篇 |
1999年 | 26篇 |
1998年 | 21篇 |
1997年 | 19篇 |
1996年 | 13篇 |
1995年 | 16篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1970年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1183条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
291.
Brian S. Caruso 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(6):1603-1615
ABSTRACT: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP5) was used to model the transport and sediment/water interactions of metals under low flow, steady state conditions in Tenmile Creek, a mountain stream supplying drinking water to the City of Helena, Montana, impacted by numerous abandoned hard rock mines. The model was calibrated for base flow using data collected by USEPA and validated using data from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for higher flows. It was used to assess metals loadings and losses, exceedances of Montana State water quality standards, metals interactions in stream water and bed sediment, uncertainty in fate and transport processes and model parameters, and effectiveness of remedial alternatives that include leaving contaminated sediment in the stream. Results indicated that during base flow, adits and point sources contribute significant metals loadings to the stream, but that shallow ground water and bed sediment also contribute metals in some key locations. Losses from the water column occur in some areas, primarily due to adsorption and precipitation onto bed sediments. Some uncertainty exists in the metal partition coefficients associated with sediment, significance of precipitation reactions, and in the specific locations of unidentified sources and losses of metals. Standards exceedances are widespread throughout the stream, but the model showed that remediation of point sources and mine waste near water courses can help improve water quality. Model results also indicate, however, that alteration of the water supply scheme and increasing base flow will probably be required to meet all water quality standards. 相似文献
292.
Colin W. Krause Brendan Lockard Tammy J. Newcomb David Kibler Vinod Lohani Donald J. Orth 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(6):1645-1658
ABSTRACT: Watershed and aquatic ecosystem management requires methods to predict and understand thermal impacts on stream habitat from urbanization. This study evaluates thermal effects of projected urbanization using a modeling framework and considers the biological implications to the fish community. The Stream Network Temperature Model (SNTEMP) was used in combination with the Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF) to assess changes in stream thermal habitat under altered stream‐ flow, shade, and channel width associated with low, medium, and high density urban developments in the Back Creek watershed (Roanoke County, Virginia). Flow alteration by the high density development scenario alone caused minimal heating of mean daily summer base flow (mean +0.1°C). However, when flow changes were modeled concurrently with reduced shade and increased channel width, mean daily temperature increased 1°C. Maximum daily temperatures exceeding the state standard (31°C) increased from 1.1 to 7.6 percent of the time using summer 2000 climatic conditions. Model results suggest that additional urban development will alter stream temperature, potentially limiting thermal habitat and shifting the fish community structure from intolerant to tolerant fish species in Back Creek. More research is needed on the sub‐lethal or chronic effects of increased stream temperature regimes on fish, particularly for those species already living in habitats near their upper limits. 相似文献
293.
Arturo A. Keller Yi Zheng Timothy H. Robinson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(3):721-735
ABSTRACT: Traditional approaches to establishing critical water quality conditions, based on statistical analysis of low flow conditions and expressed as a recurrence interval for low flow conditions (e.g., 7Q10), may be inappropriate for drier watersheds. The use of 7Q10 as a standard design flow assumes year‐round flow, but in these watersheds, 7Q10 is zero or very small. In addition, the increasing use of multiple year dynamic water quality models at daily time steps can supercede the use of steady state approaches. Many of these watersheds are also under increasing urbanization pressure, which accentuates the flashiness of runoff and the episodic nature of critical water quality conditions. To illustrate, the conditions in the Santa Clara River, California, are considered. A statistical analysis indicates that higher inorganic nitrogen concentrations correlate strongly with low flow. However, peaks in concentrations can occur during the first storms, particularly where nonpoint source contribution is significant. Critical conditions can thus occur at different flow regimes depending on the relative magnitude of flow and pollutant contributions from various sources. The use of steady state models for these dry semi‐urbanized watersheds based on 7Q10 flows is thus unlikely to accurately simulate the potential for exceeding water quality objectives. Dynamic simulation of water quality is necessary, and as the recent intense storm event sampling data indicate, the models should be formulated to consider even smaller time steps. This places increasing demand on computational resources and datasets to accurately calibrate the models at this temporal resolution. 相似文献
294.
Manoj Jha Philip W. Gassman Silvia Secchi Roy Gu Jeff Arnold 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(3):811-825
ABSTRACT: The size, scale, and number of subwatersheds can affect a watershed modeling process and subsequent results. The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate level of subwatershed division for simulating flow, sediment, and nutrients over 30 years for four Iowa watersheds ranging in size from 2,000 to 18,000 km2 with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The results of the analysis indicated that variation in the total number of subwatersheds had very little effect on streamflow. However, the opposite result was found for sediment, nitrate, and inorganic P; the optimal threshold subwatershed sizes, relative to the total drainage area for each watershed, required to adequately predict these three indicators were found to be around 3, 2, and 5 percent, respectively. Decreasing the size of the subwatersheds below these threshold levels does not significantly affect the predicted levels of these environmental indicators. These threshold subwatershed sizes can be used to optimize input data preparation requirements for SWAT analyses of other watersheds, especially those within a similar size range. The fact that different thresholds emerged for the different indicators also indicates the need for SWAT users to assess which indicators should have the highest priority in their analyses. 相似文献
295.
Kathleen M. Mitchell David R. DeWalle 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1998,34(2):335-346
ABSTRACT: The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) is designed to compute daily stream discharge using satellite snow cover data for a basin divided into elevation zones. For the Towanda Creek basin, a Pennsylvania watershed with relatively little relief, analysis of snow cover images revealed that both elevation and land use affected snow accumulation and melt on the landscape. The distribution of slope and aspect on the watershed was also considered; however, these landscape features were not well correlated with the available snow cover data. SRM streamflow predictions for 1990, 1993 and 1994 snowmelt seasons for the Towanda Creek basin using a combination of elevation and land use zones yielded more precise streamflow estimates than the use of standard elevation zones alone. The use of multiple-parameter zones worked best in non-rain-on-snow conditions such as in 1990 and 1994 seasons where melt was primarily driven by differences in solar radiation. For seasons with major rain-on-snow events such as 1993, only modest improvements were shown since melt was dominated by rainfall energy inputs, condensation and sensible heat convection. Availability of GIS coverages containing satellite snow cover data and other landscape attributes should permit similar reformulation of multiple-parameter watershed zones and improved SRM streamflow predictions on other basins. 相似文献
296.
Robert M. Lent Marcus C. Waidron John C. Rader 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1998,34(2):439-450
ABSTRACT: A multivariate approach was used to analyze hydrologic, geologic, geographic, and water-chemistry data from small order watersheds in the Quabbin Reservoir Basin in central Massachusetts. Eighty three small order watersheds were delineated and landscape attributes defining hydrologic, geologic, and geographic features of the watersheds were compiled from geographic information system data layers. Principal components analysis was used to evaluate 11 chemical constituents collected bi-weekly for 1 year at 15 surface-water stations in order to subdivide the basin into subbasins comprised of watersheds with similar water quality characteristics. Three principal components accounted for about 90 percent of the variance in water chemistry data. The principal components were defined as a biogeochemical variable related to wet. land density, an acid-neutralization variable, and a road-salt variable related to density of primary roads. Three subbasins were identified. Analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of means were used to identify significant differences in stream water chemistry and landscape attributes among subbasins. All stream water constituents were significantly different among subbasins. Multiple regression techniques were used to relate stream water chemistry to landscape attributes. Important differences in landscape attributes were related to wetlands, slope, and soil type. 相似文献
297.
R. Srinivasan T. S. Ramanarayanan J. G. Arnold S. T. Bednarz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1998,34(1):91-101
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the application of a river basin scale hydrologic model (described in Part I) to Richland and Chambers Creeks watershed (RC watershed) in upper Trinity River basin in Texas. The inputs to the model were accumulated from hydro-graphic and geographic databases and maps using a raster-based GIS. Available weather data from 12 weather stations in and around the watershed and stream flow data from two USGS stream gauge station for the period 1965 to 1984 were used in the flow calibration and validation. Sediment calibration was carried out for the period 1988 through 1994 using the 1994 sediment survey data from the Richland-Chambers lake. Sediment validation was conducted on a subwatershed (Mill Creek watershed) situated on Chambers Creek of the RC watershed. The model was evaluated by well established statistical and visual methods and was found to explain at least 84 percent and 65 percent of the variability in the observed stream flow data for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. In addition, the model predicted the accumulated sediment load within 2 percent and 9 percent from the observed data for the RC watershed and Mill Creek watershed, respectively. 相似文献
298.
我国水污染现状及防治对策 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
我国是一个水资料严重匮乏和水污染十分严重的国家,加强水污染管理和控制刻不容缓。为此,本文结合发达国家立法现状,从组织,民众意识、水污染排放标准,监测方法等方面论述加强水污染控制的管理。 相似文献
299.
D. S. Olsen A. C. Whitaker D. F. Potts 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(6):1197-1207
ABSTRACT: Stream channel stability is affected by peak flows rather than average annual water yield. Timber harvesting and other land management activities that contribute to soil compaction, vegetation removal, or increased drainage density can increase peak discharges and decrease the recurrence interval of bankfull discharges. Increased peak discharges can cause more frequent movement of large streambed materials, leading to more rapid stream channel change or instability. This study proposes a relationship between increased discharge and channel stability, and presents a methodology that can be used to evaluate stream channel stability thresholds on a stream reach basis. Detailed surveys of the channel cross section, water surface slope, streambed particle size distribution, and field identification of bankfull stage are used to estimate existing bankfull flow conditions. These site specific stream channel characteristics are used in bed load movement formulae to predict critical flow conditions for entrainment of coarse bed material (D84 size fraction). The “relative bed stability” index, defined as the ratio of critical flow condition to the existing condition at bankfull discharge, can predict whether increased peak discharges will exceed stream channel thresholds. 相似文献
300.
Brian G. Katz Rodney S. DeHan Joshua J. Hirten John S. Catches 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(6):1237-1254
ABSTRACT: Ground water and surface water constitute a single dynamic system in most parts of the Suwannee River basin due to the presence of karst features that facilitate the interaction between the surface and subsurface. Low radon-222 concentrations (below background levels) and enriched amounts of oxygen-18 and deuterium in ground water indicate mixing with surface water in parts of the basin. Comparison of surface water and regional ground water flow patterns indicate that boundaries for ground water basins typically do not coincide with surface water drainage subbasins. There are several areas in the basin where ground water flow that originates outside of the Suwannee River basin crosses surface water basin boundaries during both low-flow and high-flow conditions. In a study area adjacent to the Suwannee River that consists predominantly of agricultural land use, 18 wells tapping the Upper Floridan aquifer and 7 springs were sampled three times during 1990 through 1994 for major dissolved inorganic constituents, trace elements, and nutrients. During a period of above normal rainfall that resulted in high river stage and high ground water levels in 1991, the combination of increased amounts of dissolved organic carbon and decreased levels of dissolved oxygen in ground water created conditions favorable for the natural reduction of nitrate by denitrification reactions in the aquifer. As a result, less nitrate was discharged by ground water to the Suwannee River. 相似文献