嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌脱除废手机PCB表面元器件的方法研究

通过微生物法实现废手机PCB基板与其表面元器件分离,并探究最佳的工艺条件.采用嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,以下简称A.f菌）脱除废手机PCB表面元器件,研究结果表明,经接种处理,浸出3d后,PCB表面元器件有少量脱除;浸出5d后,PCB表面元器件大部分可被脱除,仍有个体较大的元器件未被脱除;浸出7d后,PCB表面元器件被完全脱除;未接种对照组中PCB表面元器件未发生脱除.通过ICP-OES测得A.f菌作用7d的浸出液中含有大量的金属离子,而这些金属离子是构成元器件与PCB衔接处焊脚的主要组成成分,其中Ni、Zn、Al通过A.f菌作用后以离子形态进入浸出液中,焊脚中的单质Sn通过A.f菌作用后转化为离子态进入浸出液中,在浸出液中又迅速形成含锡沉淀物,在浸出第1d浸出液中Sn离子含量急速下降.通过设置不同浸出条件的单因素实验,结果表明：当培养基初始pH值为1.0,固液比为3：50,接种量为15%,温度为30℃,转速为125r/min时,A.f菌脱除手机PCB表面元器件效果最佳.浸出7d后,PCB表面元器件可被完全脱除.     

南京市、苏州市及南通市城区道路扬尘排放特性研究

在江苏南京、苏州和南通三个城市中选取10个采样点,以采集的扬尘样品为研究对象,分析了灼烧减量和扬尘组分.结果表明:南京、南通与苏州元素占比排列基本一致,排列前几位的为Si、Ca、Fe、Al;扬尘化学组分在不同地区有较大差别,南通和苏州扬尘的有机挥发性物质含量较高,城市扬尘主要来源于土壤沙尘的微小颗粒物;同一城市不同用地类型采样点也呈现出一定的规律性,施工区域的SiO2含量最高,商业区和住宅区Al比其他区域高.     

西苕溪支流河口水体营养盐的特征及源贡献分析

支流是干流营养物质的重要贡献源,也是流域水污染控制的关键区域.为探明西苕溪营养物质来源,有效控制该流域的水质污染,对西苕溪支流河口水质的时空变化特征及营养盐的输出通量进行了分析,利用PMF源解析模型对西苕溪10条典型支流的污染源贡献进行了定量解析.结果表明,中下游支流的TN、TP浓度高于上游支流,枯水期TN、TP浓度均值是4.25 mg·L~(-1)和0.11 mg·L~(-1),丰水期对应浓度均值为3.15 mg·L~(-1)和0.09 mg·L~(-1),枯水期高于丰水期,其时空变化较显著;支流水体的氮磷形态组成各不相同,反映支流流经区域周围土地利用的差异.污染源解析结果显示,影响西苕溪支流营养盐的污染源有农田径流、养殖废水和生活污水三类,在丰水期和枯水期,上游支流营养盐中农田径流的贡献率是40%和35%,中游养殖废水贡献率是33%和30%,而枯水期的生活污水则比丰水期贡献较多营养盐.因此,在整治改善西苕溪流域水质时,应考虑营养物的时空变化特点和支流周边环境.     

渗滤液难降解物质物化性质研究

渗滤液是生活垃圾处理过程的必然产物,经过近15年的研究,其产生机理和处理方法获得了一定进展,但随着<生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准GB16889-2008>标准的实施,现有处理技术出水大都不能达标,特别是老龄渗滤液或经一定处理后的渗滤液尾水,其处理极限COD大约在300 mg·L-1以上.渗滤液难降解物质的表征可能是解决渗...     

FeCl3絮凝除As效率影响因素的初步研究

研究了FeCl3与As的含量比、pH值、三种常见无机盐组分对于FeCl3除As效率的影响,以及在厌氧微生物存在条件下,溶液中pH的变化,Fe和As各价态还原转化之间的关系.研究结果表明,在中性条件下,As的去除效率随着FeCl3浓度的增加而提高,FeCl3去除As的最佳pH值为6-9.NO-3和低浓度的SO2-4对Fe...     

南四湖流域水污染防治存在的问题及对策

南四湖通过采用"治、用、保"并举的流域污染综合治理措施,把污染治理与水资源循环利用相结合,取得了明显的成效,但仍面临工业结构性污染严重、城市基础设施建设滞后、面源污染突出等问题。根据南四湖实际情况,可从加大资金筹措力度、继续实施流域综合治理、整合现有港口资源、开展生态养殖、加强执法等方面入手,解决流域水污染防治存在的问题。     

Trends in Pesticide Concentrations in Streamsof the Western United States, 1993‐20051

Johnson, Henry M., Joseph L. Domagalski, and Dina K. Saleh, 2010. Trends in Pesticide Concentrations in Streams of the Western United States, 1993‐2005. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 00(0):1‐22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00507.x Abstract: Trends in pesticide concentrations for 15 streams in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho were determined for the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon and the herbicides atrazine, s‐ethyl diproplythiocarbamate (EPTC), metolachlor, simazine, and trifluralin. A parametric regression model was used to account for flow, seasonality, and antecedent hydrologic conditions and thereby estimate trends in pesticide concentrations in streams arising from changes in use amount and application method in their associated catchments. Decreasing trends most often were observed for diazinon, and reflect the shift to alternative pesticides by farmers, commercial applicators, and homeowners because of use restrictions and product cancelation. Consistent trends were observed for several herbicides, including upward trends in simazine at urban‐influenced sites from 2000 to 2005, and downward trends in atrazine and EPTC at agricultural sites from the mid‐1990s to 2005. The model provided additional information about pesticide occurrence and transport in the modeled streams. Two examples are presented and briefly discussed: (1) timing of peak concentrations for individual compounds varied greatly across this geographic gradient because of different application periods and the effects of local rain patterns, irrigation, and soil drainage and (2) reconstructions of continuous diazinon concentrations at sites in California are used to evaluate compliance with total maximum daily load targets.     

Impacts of Land‐Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds1

Schilling, Keith E., Thomas M. Isenhart, Jason A. Palmer, Calvin F. Wolter, and Jean Spooner, 2011. Impacts of Land‐Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):672‐686. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00533.x Abstract: Suspended sediment is a major water quality problem, yet few monitoring studies have been of sufficient scale and duration to assess the effectiveness of land‐use change or conservation practice implementation at a watershed scale. Daily discharge and suspended sediment export from two 5,000‐ha watersheds in central Iowa were monitored over a 10‐year period (water years 1996‐2005). In Walnut Creek watershed, a large portion of land was converted from row crop to native prairie, whereas in Squaw Creek land use remained predominantly row crop agriculture. Suspended sediment loads were similar in both watersheds, exhibiting flashy behavior typical of incised channels. Modeling suggested that expected total soil erosion in Walnut Creek should have been reduced 46% relative to Squaw Creek due to changes in land use, yet measured suspended sediment loads showed no significant differences. Stream mapping indicated that Walnut Creek had three times more eroding streambank lengths than did Squaw Creek suggesting that streambank erosion dominated sediment sources in Walnut Creek and sheet and rill sources dominated sediment sources in Squaw Creek. Our results demonstrate that an accounting of all sources of sediment erosion and delivery is needed to characterize sediment reductions in watershed projects combined with long‐term, intensive monitoring and modeling to account for possible lag times in the manifestation of the benefits of conservation practices on water quality.     

溶解性有机物(DOM)与区域土地利用的关系:基于三维荧光-平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)

溶解性有机物（DOM）是水体质量的综合性指标,反映了流域内经济发展和治理保护等多方面因素,可为流域水体保护提供依据.本研究采集了宁波市4个不同城市化程度的区域内的河流样本,运用三维荧光结合平行因子分析法（EEM-PARAFAC）对水体中DOM进行解析,探讨了区域土地利用与DOM的关系.结果表明城市化在含量和组成两方面影响了流域水体中DOM的特征.城市区域（DOC=3.18 mg·L^-1）和城乡结合区域（DOC=7.45 mg·L^-1）水体中DOM的浓度远高于城市化程度较低的农村区域（DOC为2.16~2.62 mg·L^-1,ANOVA,P<0.001）.EEM-PARAFAC解析得到7个荧光组分,主要可归为类腐殖质和类蛋白质类物质.其中,城市区域DOM以类腐殖质物质为主,占比达到61.3%;而城乡结合区域由于受到更多的生活污水排放影响,类蛋白质物质的比例最高为59.4%;相比之下,农村区域虽然DOM浓度相对较低,但类腐殖质物质占比达63.6%~65.7%,面源污染是主要原因.主成分分析表明城市化发展对水质具有重要影响,在城市化初期污染主要来源于生活和工业污染源,当城市化到一定水平污染物更多来源于路面径流.本研究表明EEM-PARAFAC可以半定量辨析水体污染源,可为不同的区域水质恢复与治水策略制定提供针对性数据支撑.     

多年施用生物炭对河南烤烟种植区土壤呼吸的影响

为探究生物炭施用对土壤呼吸的影响,采用5 a定位试验(2013～2017年)研究了不施生物炭(CK)、施用1. 5 t·hm-2生物炭(T1)、施用15 t·hm-2生物炭(T2)、施用45 t·hm-2生物炭(T3)这4种处理下土壤呼吸及土壤水热因子的动态变化规律.结果表明:(1)在土壤中连续5a施入中剂量生物炭(T2:15 t·hm-2)显著降低了烤烟生长季土壤呼吸速率,降幅为25. 89%;当施入量增至45 t·hm-2(T3)时土壤呼吸速率显著增加,增幅为21. 48%(P 0. 05).(2)长期中剂量生物炭的添加显著降低了土壤异养呼吸速率和自养呼吸速率,降幅分别为29. 80%和28. 75%;大剂量生物炭(T3:45 t·hm-2)的施入显著增加了土壤异养呼吸速率,增幅为28. 88%.低剂量生物炭(T1:1. 5 t·hm-2)和中剂量生物炭均显著增加土壤呼吸中自养呼吸的比例,大剂量生物炭的施入显著增加了异养呼吸的比例(P 0. 05).(3)低剂量生物炭显著降低了烤烟生长季土壤5 cm温度;大剂量生物炭显著降低了土壤5 cm湿度.土壤呼吸与土壤5 cm温度之间呈显著指数相关,与土壤5 cm湿度之间未表现出显著相关(P 0. 05).综上,连续5a低剂量生物炭的施用对土壤呼吸无影响,适量生物炭的施用具有固碳减排效应,大剂量生物炭施用则会适得其反,建议生物炭施用范围应控制在15 t·hm-2以内.