River Channel Geometry and Rating Curve Estimation Using Height above the Nearest Drainage

River channel geometry is an important input to hydraulic and hydrologic models. Traditional approaches to quantify river geometry have involved surveyed river cross sections, which cannot be extended to ungaged basins. In this paper, we describe a method for developing a synthetic rating curve to relate flow to water level in a stream reach based on reach‐averaged channel geometry properties developed using the Height above Nearest Drainage (HAND) method. HAND uses a digital elevation model (DEM) of the terrain and computes the elevation difference between each land surface cell and the stream bed cell to which it drains. Taking increments in water level in the stream, HAND defines the inundation zone and a water depth grid within this zone, and the channel characteristics are defined from this water depth grid. We apply our method to the Blanco River (Texas) and the Tar River (North Carolina) using 10‐m terrain data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) dataset. We evaluate the method's performance by comparing the reach‐average stage‐river geometry relationships and rating curves to those from calibrated Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC‐RAS) models and USGS gage observations. The results demonstrate that after some adjustment, the river geometry information and rating curves derived from HAND using national‐coverage datasets are comparable to those obtained from hydraulic models or gage measurements. We evaluate the inundation extent and show our approach is able to capture the majority of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 100‐year floodplain.     

Streamflow Depletion Modeling: Methods for an Adaptable and Conjunctive Water Management Decision Support Tool

Groundwater pumping depletes streamflow, which can have significant ecological impacts depending on the magnitude of depletion relative to environmental flow needs. Streamflow depletion estimates from groundwater pumping have been quantified using both analytical and numerical methods, but are not routinely compared to environmental flow needs or used in practical water management tools. Decision support tools that incorporate groundwater dynamics are becoming increasingly necessary for water managers as groundwater regulations become more important in environmental policy, particularly concerning the preservation of environmental flow needs. We develop and apply methods for a web‐based decision support tool for conjunctive groundwater and surface water management, demonstrated using a case study watershed in British Columbia, Canada. Open‐source data are analyzed with a combination of spatial algorithms and previously developed analytical models, such that the tool can be applied to other regions. Streamflow depletion estimates are calculated in four regions in the largely undeveloped Bulkley Valley, British Columbia. Our transparent methodology has geographic and data input flexibility which is a significant improvement on currently existing water management tool methods.     

九龙江流域城镇建设用地与河流水质关系研究

基于波段组合指数与单波段特征相结合的方法对九龙江流域城镇建设用地进行提取,并采用景观生态学与统计分析方法,分别对流域内城镇建设用地的面积百分比及景观格局指数与水体中的高锰酸盐指数、NH 4＋-N、TP浓度变化之间的关系进行研究.结果表明,流域内城镇建设用地的面积百分比与高锰酸盐指数、NH 4＋-N、TP呈现显著正相关（...     

河南省北部区域霾污染过程中城市和农村点位PM2.5组分差异

近年来,我国京津冀及其周边地区暴发了多次霾污染过程,受观测仪器等因素的限制,尚未有对河南省北部城市和农村霾污染的对比研究.利用一系列在线高时间分辨率的观测仪器在河南省2个城市点位和3个农村点位对一次区域重污染过程(2018年1月12～25日)进行综合观测.结果表明SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄(SNA)是此次区域污染过程中5个点位PM_2.5中占比最高的组分,位于53%～63%之间,以NO^-₃为主24%～32%,其次为SO₄^2-(13%～17%).相较于城市点位,农村点位PM_2.5中有机物的占比更高,尤其是夜间.随着污染的加重,SNA的占比上升,重污染时段可达67%.此外,当区域受南部气团的传输影响时,5个点位PM_2.5中NO^-₃的占比增大;受北和东北部气团的传...     

基于16S rRNA测序技术的青藏高原河流细菌群落多样性

近年来由于气候变化和人类活动等影响,我国青藏高原生态系统面临退化风险.微生物作为河流生态系统的重要组成部分,能够反映流域的总体变化,是生态系统健康程度的指示器.为调查青藏高原河流生态系统的细菌群落多样性和组成特点,于2021年7月在青藏高原地区的黄河、长江、澜沧江、怒江、雅鲁藏布江和柴达木盆地流域进行大范围水样采集,共收集样品65个,并基于16S rRNA技术对样品中细菌进行测序分析.结果表明,共检测出的细菌群落涵盖65门1 311属,各流域α多样性指数较高,说明青藏高原河流细菌的丰富度和多样性均处于较高水平.其中,表征物种丰富度的Chao指数和OTU richness指数均与SRP/TP的值有极显著负相关关系.门水平优势类群主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria);纲水平优势类群主要有γ-变形菌纲、拟杆菌纲和α-变形菌纲;属水平优势群主要有Flavobacterium和Limnohabitans.通过主坐标分析(PCoA)和置换多因素方差分析(Adonis...     

松涛水库生态清洁流域的建设构想

近年来水源地污染日益严重，已影响到人类的生活、生产用水安全。海南省松涛水库目前也同样面临水源污染、生态环境破坏等一系列问题。且亟待解决。通过分析松涛水库生态环境质量状况。应用生态系统健康理论、复合生态系统理论以及流域生态学等原理。分析了生态清洁流域的概念及其内涵，把生态清洁流域定义为具有相对稳定、物质能量流平衡、功能持续而健康的生态系统，并可向人类提供正常的生态服务和实现特定水源保护功能的流域区域。为了能够持续获得正常的生态服务和实现特定水源保护功能，应当通过生态修复、生态治理和生态保护等方法创建生态清洁流域。生态清洁流域的建设构想是流域水资源保护规划新的思路和理论尝试。依据松涛水库的实地情况。提出相应的措施，有助于松涛水库水资源保护工作的开展，同时也为同类研究提供借鉴的实例。     

焊接工艺不当导致元器件失效的原因分析

通过对典型案例的介绍,分析了焊接工艺不当对元器件失效产生的影响。通过对焊接工艺过程中各种影响因素的分析,以及对各种失效模式总结,阐述了焊接工艺不当（包括焊接前,元器件的预处理不当）,造成元器件失效的失效原因与机理,在此基础上,提出了有针对性的改进措施。     

A Hydrologic Data Screening Procedure for Exploring Monotonic Trends and Shifts in Rainfall and Runoff Patterns

A thorough understanding of past and present hydrologic responses to changes in precipitation patterns is crucial for predicting future conditions. The main objectives of this study were to determine temporal changes in rainfall‐runoff relationship and to identify significant trends and abrupt shifts in rainfall and runoff time series. Ninety‐year rainfall and runoff time series datasets from the Gasconade and Meramec watersheds in east‐central Missouri were used to develop data screening procedure to assess changes in the rainfall and runoff temporal patterns. A statistically significant change in mean and variance was detected in 1980 in the rainfall and runoff time series within both watersheds. In addition, both the rainfall and runoff time series indicated the presence of nonstationary attributes such as statistically significant monotonic trends and/or change in mean and variance, which should be taken into consideration when using the time series to predict future scenarios. The annual peak runoff and the annual low flow in the Meramec watershed showed significant temporal changes compared to that in the Gasconade watershed. Water loss in both watersheds was found to be significantly increasing which is potentially due to the increase in groundwater pumping for water supply purposes.     

三峡库区典型农田小流域水化学特征及变化规律

以三峡库区典型农田小流域—涪陵王家沟小流域为代表,通过对流域内水体主要离子组成的系统监测,分析了该流域的水化学特征和主要离子组成变化规律.结果表明,Ca2+、Cl-分别是该流域的优势阳离子和优势阴离子,流域属淡水,水质为氯化物水体,即ClCaⅢ型,水化学类型为Cl-—Ca2+型; TZ+ (总阳离子当量浓度)为6.30meq/L,高于世界平均水平,TZ- (总阴离子当量浓度)为6.29meq/L;TDS(总溶解固体)平均值为294.78mg/L,显示了该流域剧烈的化学侵蚀作用;大多数离子的含量随采样点、季节、水体类型的不同而有显著性差异.     

响应曲面法优化沼渣混合物料堆肥配比研究

基于主成分分析,以WSC/WSN、E4/E6、NH4＋-N/NO3－-N、GI作为混合堆肥腐熟程度的判别指标体系,建立综合评价函数,确定综合评价值F,用于表征混合堆肥腐熟度.采用Box-Behnken设计,以F值为响应值,沼渣量、猪粪量、鸡粪量为3因素,设计了15组堆肥试验,建立二次多项数学模型,从腐熟度的角度确定沼渣、猪粪、鸡粪混合堆肥的最佳配比.结果表明:沼渣量、猪粪量、鸡粪量对响应值F影响的显著性顺序为:鸡粪量>沼渣量>猪粪量;鸡粪量一次项、沼渣量二次项达到极显著水平(P<0.01);沼渣量和鸡粪量的交互项、鸡粪量二次项达到显著水平(P<0.05);优化出的混合物料堆肥沼渣、猪粪、鸡粪最佳质量配比为5.83:7.95:7.54.由此可见,响应曲面法用于混合堆肥物料配比优化具有可行性.