POST‐HARVEST RIPARIAN BUFFER RESPONSE: IMPLICATIONS FOR WOOD RECRUITMENT MODELING AND BUFFER DESIGN1

Despite the importance of riparian buffers in providing aquatic functions to forested streams, few studies have sought to capture key differences in ecological and geomorphic processes between buffered sites and forested conditions. This study examines post‐harvest buffer conditions from 20 randomly selected harvest sites within a managed tree farm in the Cascade Mountains of western Washington. Post‐harvest wind derived treefall rates in buffers up to three years post‐harvest averaged 268 trees/km/year, 26 times greater than competition‐induced mortality rate estimates. Treefall rates and stem breakage were strongly tied to tree species and relatively unaffected by stream direction. Observed treefall direction is strongly biased toward the channel, irrespective of channel or buffer orientation. Fall direction bias can deliver significantly more wood recruitment relative to randomly directed treefall, suggesting that models that utilize the random fall assumption will significantly underpredict recruitment. A simple estimate of post‐harvest wood recruitment from buffers can be obtained from species specific treefall and breakage rates, combined with bias corrected recruitment probability as a function of source distance from the channel. Post‐harvest wind effects may reduce the standing density of trees enough to significantly reduce or eliminate competition mortality and thus indirectly alter bank erosion rates, resulting in substantially different wood recruitment dynamics from buffers as compared to unmanaged forests.     

Urbanization and Its Effect On Runoff in the Whiteoak Bayou Watershed,Texas1

Abstract: The capacity of a watershed to urbanize without changing its hydrologic response and the relationship between that response and the spatial configuration of the developed areas was studied. The study was conducted in the Whiteoak Bayou watershed (223 km²), located northwest of Houston, Texas, over an analysis period from 1949 to 2000. Annual development data were derived from parcel data collected by the Harris County Appraisal District. Using these data, measures of the spatial configuration of the watershed urban areas were calculated for each year. Based on regression models, it was determined that the annual runoff depths and annual peak flows depended on the annual precipitation depth, the developed area and the maximum 12‐h precipitation depth on the day and day before the peak flow took place. It was found that, since the early 1970s, when the watershed reached a 10% impervious area, annual runoff depths and peak flows have increased by 146% and 159%, respectively. However, urbanization is responsible for only 77% and 32% of the increase, respectively, while precipitation changes are responsible for the remaining 39% and 96%, respectively. Likewise, an analysis of the development data showed that, starting in the early 1970s, urbanization in the watershed consisted more of connecting already developed areas than of creating new ones, which increases the watershed’s conveyance capacity and explains the change in its response. Before generalizing conclusions, though, further research on other urban watersheds with different urbanization models appears to be necessary.     

A GIS‐ASSISTED DISTRIBUTED WATERSHED MODEL FOR SIMULATING FLOODING AND INUNDATION1

ABSTRACT: A distributed watershed model combining kinematic wave routing, 1‐D dynamic channel‐flow routing, and 2‐D diffusive overland‐flow routing has been developed to simulate flooding and inundation levels of large watersheds. The study watershed was linked to a GIS database and was divided into an upstream mountainous area and a downstream alluvial plain. A kinematic wave routing was adopted at the mountainous area to compute the discharge flowing into the alluvial plain. A 1‐D dynamic channel routing solving the St. Venant equations by the Preissmann method was performed for the main channel of the alluvial plain, whereas a 2‐D overland‐flow routing solving the diffusion wave equation with the Alternating Direction Explicit scheme was used for floodplains. The above two routings were connected by weir‐link discharge formula. The parameters in the model were calibrated and independently verified by single‐event storms. An example application of flooding/inundation analysis was conducted for the Taichung station and the Woozi depot (Taiwan High Speed Rail). Suggested inundation‐proofing measures ‐ including raising ground surface elevation of the station and depot and building a waterproofing exterior wall and their combination ‐ were investigated. It was concluded that building the waterproofing exterior wall had a strong tendency to decrease peak inundation depth.     

灾变山地环境影响下小流域脆弱性评价研究

流域脆弱性评价中,如何有效结合自然及社会等多方面因素开展较大区域尺度评价是目前研究的难点之一,特别是结合灾变山地环境影响,开展小流域脆弱性评价,对于山区流域防灾减灾及可持续发展具有积极的指导意义。采用栅格单元与小流域单元相结合的评价方法,综合自然与社会因素,并引入活跃灾害事件对小流域脆弱性的影响,从灾害危险度与社会易损性角度构建评价体系,应用3S技术,选取彭州龙门山区开展典型案例研究,开展灾变山地环境影响下的小流域脆弱性评价。最终将研究区小流域脆弱性划分为轻度、中度、高度及重度4个等级,各级含小流域个数分别为12、21、27及17个,相应面积占整个研究区面积的比例分别为11.53%,38.63%,40.46%及9.38%。针对区域内重大灾害事件,对评价结果进行验证表明,综合自然和社会因素,并引入灾害事件构建评价体系,并以栅格与小流域单元相结合的评价方法,对灾变山地环境下较大区域尺度流域脆弱性评价具有可行性,可为区域尺度小流域脆弱性评价研究提供一定参考。     

贡嘎山森林系统小流域基流分割与降雨入渗补给计算

利用不同的方法对贡嘎山黄崩溜沟水文站实测日径流资料进行了基流分割,并利用数理统计方法对基流指数的均值、均方差、变异系数进行了计算,并对黄崩溜沟基流过程和地表径流、基流的滞后时间进行了分析。黄崩溜沟基流分割指数为0.65~0.74,平均值为0.71;枯水期,黄崩溜沟地表径流量相对降雨量滞后时间为2.7~14.5d,平均滞后8d,基流量相对地表径流滞后0.7~3d,平均滞后1.8d;丰水期,黄崩溜沟地表径流量相对降雨量滞后时间为0.7~3.7d,平均滞后1.8d,基流量相对地表径流滞后0.9~2.6d,平均滞后1.5d;考虑流域整体,计算黄崩溜沟流域降雨入渗补给系数为0.16~0.28。研究表明:利用数字滤波法中F4方法对黄崩溜沟径流进行基流分割,其结果的稳定性与可靠性最佳;丰水期黄崩溜沟地表径流量相对降雨量滞后时间明显比枯水期短,而其基流量相对地表径流滞后时间丰水期、枯水期相差不大;对某一流域径流进行基流分割时应选取多种方法,并需要对其分割结果的稳定性与可靠性进行讨论,按照流域计算降雨入渗补给地下水补给问题应考虑流域整体,尤其是在山区。     

丹东市区酸雨状况综述

通过对丹东市区降水时间及空间变化趋势的分析,总结酸雨污染现状,找出丹东市区酸雨变化特征。     

基于RS和GIS的赤水河流域植被覆盖度与各地形因子的相关强度研究

以赤水河流域为研究区域,综合运用遥感和GIS技术,用TM遥感影像反演植被覆盖度,用数字高程模型(DEM)提取地形因子并进行子流域的划分与构建;首先借助空间叠加分析,研究了区内植被覆盖度分别随高程、坡度及坡向变化的规律;然后从数理统计的角度分析区内不同植被覆盖度与地形等级因子的相关性,并就相关强度进行排序。研究表明:1、在赤水河流域,中度以上植被覆盖度与坡度、高程与之间,并不是单一的正比关系,其随坡度和高程的增加而先增加后减小,存在着临界坡度区间和临界高程区间。2、不同植被覆盖度下各地形因子的影响程度明显不同。对各级植被覆盖,坡度和坡向对其的影响都明显高于高程;中度植被覆盖受坡向影响较为显著,但随着植被覆盖度的增高坡度的影响越来越显著。该研究对喀斯特区域生态环境的评价和改良具有重要参考价值,同时也为喀斯特地区的植被保护和石漠化防治提供决策依据。     

黄土高原纸坊沟流域不同植物叶片及枯落物的生态化学计量学特征研究

以黄土高原纸坊沟流域3种不同植物类型(乔、灌、草)下优势物种的叶片及其枯落物为研究对象,通过对其碳、氮、磷、钾含量及生态化学计量学特征的研究,探讨退化生态系统植物内稳性、NP限制率以及营养元素的回流关系,以期为黄土高原植被恢复与重建以及不同物种的合理配置提供合理建议,为完善生态化学计量学理论提供支撑.结果表明,不同植物类型叶片碳氮磷含量变化较小,钾含量变化较大,表现为草本植物叶片钾含量显著高于乔木与灌木;叶片在凋落前将大量的养分转移至其它器官,防止养分的流失,使得枯落物碳氮磷钾含量均小于叶片.碳、氮、磷、钾的回流率分别为6.16%~22.84%、24.38%~65.18%、22.38%~77.16%、60.99%~89.35%,其中碳、磷、钾的回流率以草本最大,磷的回流率以灌木最大.乔木与灌木叶片与枯落物N∶P、N∶K、C∶N比差异不显著,草本植物差异显著.植物叶片N∶P比变化范围为12.14~19.17,叶片枯落物N∶P比变化范围为12.84~30.67.通常将N∶P比为16作为评价植物生长受氮或者磷限制的临界值,不同植物类型叶片N∶P比表现为灌木(19.17)乔木(15)草本(12.14),说明该区灌木主要受磷含量的限制,草本植物主要受氮含量限制,乔木主要受氮磷含量共同限制.叶片钾含量与N∶P呈极显著的负相关,枯落物钾含量与C∶P比呈极显著的负相关.综合研究表明,该区3种植物类型碳氮磷含量无差异,钾含量差异显著,叶片碳氮磷钾回流率较大,不同植物类型受氮与磷限制作用不一致植物在生长演替阶段对氮磷等元素的累积与回归表现出一定的特异性.     

生物破乳菌XH-1的破乳有效成分研究

对破乳菌XH-1（Bacillus mojavensis）的破乳效能进行研究,并对该菌所产生的破乳剂有效成分及其理化性质进行考察。结果表明,破乳菌XH-1全培养液针对O／w型模型乳状液24h破乳率为86．0％,48h破乳率可达100％;XH-1菌的破乳有效成分为胞外分泌物质,该物质耐低温、不耐高温、经胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及尿素处理后其基本失活;采用不同蛋白质粗体方法对破乳活性物质进行处理,发现粗提产物均具有较好的破乳功能,说明该物质具有蛋白质的特性;经可见-紫外分光光度法扫描及红外光谱扫描分析发现该生物破乳剂的有效成分为破乳菌株XH-1发酵产生的胞外蛋白类物质。     

废弃电子元器件酸性浸出液中铜的萃取研究

利用国产新型铜萃取剂DZ988,以PEG-NO2/H2SO4混酸溶液氧化浸取废弃电子元器件得到的酸浸液为萃取原液(含铜浓度CCu=3.132 g/L),进行铜的萃取研究,考察各因素对铜的萃取及反萃取的影响。试验结果表明,铜的萃取率随萃取剂浓度、O/A比、萃取温度及pH的提高而提高;在萃取剂浓度设定为25%,萃取料液浓度用氨水调至pH=2,油水比O/A=1:1,常温的条件下,对废弃电子元器件的PEG-NO2/H2SO4混酸浸出液中的铜的萃取率可达99.45%,铜、铁分离系数达1 151;以硫酸作反萃剂,对负载铜的萃取剂进行反萃取研究,在硫酸溶液浓度为250 g/L,相比O/A=1:1时,铜的反萃率接近100%。同时,DZ988基本不萃取Co、Ni,后续可从铜萃余液中继续回收Co、Ni。