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781.
782.
三峡库区兰陵溪小流域养分流失特征 总被引:11,自引:7,他引:4
三峡库区蓄水后,库区部分支流速度变缓,小流域面源污染已经成为库区面临的重要环境问题.本文以兰陵溪小流域的一个封闭式集水区为研究对象,监测集水区尺度典型降雨条件下氮磷流失的过程和负荷,比较不同养分流失途径,结果表明:①TN的浓度随着径流量的增加的逐渐降低,降雨停止后缓慢上升,而TP的浓度随着径流量的增加而迅速升高,降雨停止后则迅速下降;②TN的负荷流失过程和降雨量关系较为密切,TP的负荷流失受降雨强度影响较大,N素的流失以溶解态为主,而P素则以颗粒态为主;③地表径流是研究区P素和N素流失主要途径,同时壤中流对N素流失的影响也非常大;④N和P各形态的流失负荷与径流量均呈显著的线性关系;⑤集水区TP的年流失负荷为28.94 kg·(a·km2)-1,TN的年流失负荷为1 040.41 kg·(a·km2)-1。 相似文献
783.
汉江流域丹江口库区是南水北调中线工程的水源地,其周边及上游流域生态环境对于保证库区生态安全具有重要意义。利用汉江上游流域的数字高程模型进行子流域划分,分析了汉江上游及子流域的土地利用/土地覆盖特征,并结合利用土壤侵蚀强度分级标准和数字高程图(DEM),对流域的水土流失进行初步估算。研究结果表明,除丹江口库区周边及汉中盆地的森林灌丛覆盖率相对较低之外,其它亚流域的森林覆盖率都在50%以上。上游中部地区的水土流失现象较为严重,尤其是大巴山的北坡和秦岭的旬河流域,而汉中盆地与丹江口库区周边的水土流失相对较轻。研究结果可为流域的环境治理及生态恢复提供支撑,对南水北调中线工程水源地保障具有重要意义。 相似文献
784.
Bryan Boulanger Nikolaos P. Nikolaidis 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(2):325-336
ABSTRACT: Abundant use of copper based products has resulted in increased violation of copper water quality criteria in runoff from urban storm water systems. The objectives of this work were to understand the mobility and toxicity of copper in an urban watershed and to apportion the amount of copper entering the freshwater receiving stream from different urban land covers using a mass balance approach. Sixteen rainfall events collected from the University of Connecticut study watershed between August 1998 and September 2000 were analyzed to assess copper flux in an urban storm water system. Mean flow weighted dissolved copper concentrations observed in the study for copper based architectural material runoff, pervious area runoff, impervious area runoff, and in the receiving stream were 1210 ± 840, 9 ± 3, 8 ± 2, and 14 ± 7 μg/L, respectively. Mean dissolved copper concentrations in the receiving stream exceeded Connecticut's water quality criteria. Despite exceeding the dissolved concentration based criteria, cupric ion concentrations at the system outlet remained below 0.05 μg/L for all storms analyzed, and no acute toxicity (using Daphnia pulex as the test organism) was measured in samples collected from the stream. 相似文献
785.
Thomas J. Myers Sherman Swanson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(4):743-754
ABSTRACT: Many natural and anthropogenic factors contribute to the stability or erodibility of stream channels. Although a stream rating procedure used by more than 60 percent of the U.S. National Forests provides an estimate of overall stability, it does not identify the cause of instability or indicate corrective management. To better sort natural from livestock influences, stream stability rating indicator variables were related to stream types and levels of ungulate bank damage in a large data base for streams in northern Nevada. Stability and the range in stability varied naturally with stream type. Ungulate bank damage had different effects on different stream types and on different parts of their cross-sections. Vegetation is more important for stability on certain stream types than on other types. Streams with noncohesive sand and gravel banks are most sensitive to livestock grazing. Range managers should consider the stream type when setting local standards, writing management objectives, or determining riparian grazing strategies. 相似文献
786.
一体化与多中心:黄河流域水管理模式初探 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
结合黄河漉域水质水量管理的现状.在分析国外流域水质水量管理方面的经验和发展趋势的基础上.提出了在黄河漉域实施水质水量一体化管理的框架建议,并对黄河广泛分布的灌区水管理提出了准多中心的制度安排建议。 相似文献
787.
G. D. Naslas W. W. Miller G. F. Gifford G. C. J. Fernandez 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(2):319-328
ABSTRACT: Few studies have addressed sediment discharge due to interrill erosion from natural and minimally disturbed alpine and subalpine forested watersheds. Infiltration, runoff, and surface erosion of two Tahoe Basin soils under several conditions were investigated using rainfall simulation. A significant three-way interaction among soil type, plot condition, and slope was identified. Although high erodibiity was commonly associated with disturbance and/or high slope, this was not always the case. Soil type, plot condition, slope, and duration of the event were all found to be important factors in determining the amount of erosion. Decreased water clarity in Lake Tahoe has been partly attributed to increased algal growth associated with surface runoff and erosion from adjacent watersheds. Interpretive evaluation for resource management planning should be event based and carefully delineated on a sitespecific basis. 相似文献
788.
Robert Coats Fengjing Liu Charles R. Goldman 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(3):719-730
ABSTRACT: The sampling of streams and estimation of total loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment play an important role in efforts to control the eutrophication of Lake Tahoe. We used a Monte Carlo procedure to test the precision and bias of four methods of calculating total constituent loads for nitrate‐nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, total phosphorus, and suspended sediment in one major tributary of the lake. The methods tested were two forms of the Beale's Ratio Estimator, the Period Weighted Sample, and the Rating Curve. Intensive sampling in 1985 (a dry year) and 1986 (a wet year) provided a basis for estimating loads by the “worked record” method for comparison with estimates based on resampling actual data at the lower intensity that characterizes the present monitoring program. The results show that: (1) the Period Weighted Sample method was superior to the other methods for all constituents for 1985; and (2) for total phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, and suspended sediment, the Rating Curve gave the best results in 1986. Modification of the present sampling program and load calculation methods may be necessary to improve the precision and reduce the bias of estimates of total phosphorus loads in basin streams. 相似文献
789.
790.
宁南山区退耕还林还草对土壤氮素组成及其转化酶活的影响 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
以宁夏南部山区柠条、山桃、苜蓿和长芒草这4种植被为研究对象,玉米(农地)为对照,测定土壤中7种氮素的含量及2种氮素转化相关酶的活性,通过冗余分析方法探究退耕还林还草对土壤氮素及其转化酶活的影响.结果表明:①与玉米地相比,长芒草地的颗粒有机氮,轻组分有机氮,微生物生物量氮和铵态氮分别增加35. 3%、83. 3%、64. 2%和110. 0%;苜蓿地的可溶性有机氮和铵态氮分别增加0. 7%和67. 5%;长芒草地的天冬酰胺酶和蛋白酶活性活性分别提高360%和144. 8%,说明退耕还草对氮素及其转化酶有一定促进作用;②山桃地的有机氮、轻组分有机氮、颗粒有机氮和可溶性有机氮分别比玉米地高3. 7%、133. 3%、70. 6%和28. 1%,柠条地的轻组分有机氮和山桃地的微生物生物量氮分别比玉米地高16. 7%和49. 6%,柠条地和山桃地的蛋白酶活性均高于玉米地,说明退耕还林对氮素及其转化酶同样有促进作用.③冗余分析(RDA)结果和环境因子解释率表明,土壤含水率,p H值和有机碳是影响宁南山区氮素分布与转化的关键因子.退耕还林还草改变了氮素相关转化酶的活性、对氮素组成有一定的促进作用,为黄土高原生态恢复和土壤质量管理提供了理论依据. 相似文献