博斯腾湖流域沉积物中多环芳烃的时空分布、来源及生态风险评价

在新疆博斯腾湖及其上游采集了8个表层沉积物和1根湖心沉积柱样品,分析了其中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,对其时空分布特征、来源和潜在生态风险进行了研究,并采用~(210)Pb同位素测年法分析了沉积速率和沉积柱的时间跨度.结果表明:表层沉积物样品中PAHs含量范围为57.37～360.24 ng·g~(-1)(干重),开都河沉积物中PAHs以低分子量PAHs(2～3环)为主,博斯腾湖沉积物中PAHs以高分子量PAHs(4～6环)为主.开都河和博斯腾湖沉积物中萘(Nap)、菲(Phe)、苯并(b)荧蒽(BbF)和茚并(1, 2, 3-cd)芘(IP)等单体的含量较高.空间分布呈现出上游河流开都河高于博斯腾湖区,且湖区污染主要集中在湖心处的污染特征.沉积柱样品中15种PAHs含量范围为29.85～211.13 ng·g~(-1),沉积速率为0.18 cm·a~(-1),PAHs组成以5环和6环为主.沉积时间跨度为1852—2016年,PAHs含量峰值出现在1994年.采用比值法对表层沉积物和沉积柱样品进行源解析表明,博斯腾湖流域PAHs主要来源于生物质和煤热解过程,近年来有向煤炭和石油燃烧复合源转变的倾向.效应区间低/中值法(ERL/ERM)和平均效应区间中值商法(M-ERM-Q)评估结果表明,博斯腾湖及其上游表层沉积物中PAHs表现出低生态风险.     

博斯腾湖流域大气多环芳烃污染特征、干沉降通量及来源

本研究使用大气被动采样器(PAS-PUF)和干沉降被动采样器(PAS-DD),分别于2016年采暖期和2017年非采暖期对新疆博斯腾湖流域及周边地区15种USEPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)大气浓度和干沉降进行了观测,并对其污染特征和来源进行了研究.结果表明,采暖期和非采暖期博斯腾湖流域PAHs大气浓度范围分别为6. 38～245. 43 ng·m~(-3)和2. 33～74. 76ng·m~(-3);采暖期与非采暖期均呈现出居民区湖泊周边塔中的空间分布.采暖期和非采暖期PAHs大气干沉降通量范围分别为0. 45～18. 10μg·(m~2·d)-1和0. 25～8. 15μg·(m~2·d)-1;采暖期居民区PAHs干沉降通量比湖泊周边和塔中采样点高,但在非采暖期塔中采样点高于其它采样点.整体而言,博斯腾湖流域大气及干沉降中PAHs在采暖期显著高于非采暖期,在采暖期与非采暖期均以菲(Phe)、芴(Flu)、荧蒽(Flua)和芘(Pyr)等3～4环PAHs为主.比值法源解析结果显示,博斯腾湖流域大气和干沉降中PAHs主要来源于煤炭和生物质燃烧; HYSPLIT前向和后向轨迹模拟结果表明,非采暖期居民区较高PAHs排放通过大气传输到达博斯腾湖区,经大气干沉降进入水体,可能会对博斯腾湖水生环境造成影响.     

基于ASTER GDEM的延河流域水系提取及面积高程积分研究

以延河流域为例,基于ASTER GDEM,采用图解建模方法提取河网进行面积高程积分分析.结果表明,汇流阈值越大,河道数目、河道总长和河网密度均呈现持续下降趋势;当汇流阈值为6200时,河网密度为0.28,趋于平稳;不同汇流阈值产生的河网形态各有差异,阈值越大,生成河网越稀疏,反之越密集.面积高程积分HI分析结果表明,延河大多区域处于发育壮年期,处于发育幼年期、壮年期和老年期面积分别约占总面积的0.4％、98.2％和1.4％.     

Cropland Riparian Buffers throughout Chesapeake Bay Watershed: Spatial Patterns and Effects on Nitrate Loads Delivered to Streams

We used statistical models to provide the first empirical estimates of riparian buffer effects on the cropland nitrate load to streams throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed. For each of 1,964 subbasins, we quantified the 1990 prevalence of cropland and riparian buffers. Cropland was considered buffered if the topographic flow path connecting it to a stream traversed a streamside forest or wetland. We applied a model that predicts stream nitrate concentration based on physiographic province and the watershed proportions of unbuffered and buffered cropland. We used another model to predict annual streamflow based on precipitation and temperature, and then multiplied the predicted flows and concentrations to estimate 1990 annual nitrate loads. Across the entire Chesapeake watershed, croplands released 92.3 Gg of nitrate nitrogen, but 19.8 Gg of that was removed by riparian buffers. At most, 29.4 Gg more might have been removed if buffer gaps were restored so that all cropland was buffered. The other 43.1 Gg of cropland load cannot be addressed with riparian buffers. The Coastal Plain physiographic province provided 52% of the existing buffer reduction of Bay‐wide nitrate loads and 36% of potential additional removal from buffer restoration in cropland buffer gaps. Existing and restorable nitrate removal in buffers were lower in the other three major provinces because of less cropland, lower buffer prevalence, and lower average buffer nitrate removal efficiency.     

北京城区不同组分PM2.5散射特性及来源分析

近年来北京城区PM_2.5浓度下降伴随其中二次离子占比升高,为探索不同组分PM_2.5散射特性及其来源,于2020年12月至2021年11月开展了小时分辨率的PM_2.5及其组分浓度和散射系数的连续在线监测,分析了PM_2.5组分及散射的特征和来源.结果表明,研究期间北京城区PM_2.5最主要组分为NO^-₃,PM_2.5中ω(NO^-₃)和ω(SNA)分别为24%和46%.根据浓度和组分占比将PM_2.5划分为6种类型：优型出现频率最高,为56%,四季分布均匀,PM_2.5中ω(SNA)、ω(OM)和ω(FS)相当,分别为32%、 32%和28%;沙尘(D)型和OM(O)型全年出现频率较低,分别以FS和OM为主要组分,PM_2.5中ω(FS)和ω(OM)分别为66%和46%,主要分布于春季和夏季;OM+SO₄     

北京市石景山区PM2.5中典型水溶性离子分布特征及其致敏效应研究

为了考察大气细颗粒物水溶性成分与过敏性疾病的相关性,对北京市石景山区PM_2.5中水溶性离子分布特征进行分析,对文献中报道的有机酸浓度进行总结,选取其中9种典型水溶性无机盐（硝酸铵、硫酸铵、氯化铵、硝酸钠、无水硫酸钠、硝酸钾、硫酸钾、硝酸钙、硫酸钙）及3种水溶性有机酸（丙二酸、丁二酸、乙二酸）进行肥大细胞激活实验,观察上述成分经IgE及非IgE途径对肥大细胞β-Hex释放率的影响.结果表明：铵离子、硝酸离子和硫酸离子是研究区PM_2.5中占比最大的3种离子,丙二酸、丁二酸、乙二酸是北京市PM_2.5中3种浓度较高的水溶性有机酸.非IgE途径下,100μg·mL^-1的9种水溶性无机盐和80μg·mL⁽-1(的3种水溶性有机酸均无法提高肥大细胞β-Hex释放率.IgE途径下,仅观察到80μg·mL^-1丙二酸能使肥大细胞β-Hex释放率提高约3%,其增敏作用还需进一步研究证实.本研究将为进一步研究PM_2.5水溶性成分诱发或加重过敏性疾病的潜在机制...     

区域氮干沉降分布特征的数值模拟

氮沉降对全球尺度的粮食生产、碳氮循环及大气环境质量均具有重要影响.本研究采用WRF-Chem模式对区域氮沉降过程进行数值 模拟,着重分析氮干沉降的时空分布特征.结果表明：在空间场上,我国氮干沉降主要体现出东高西低的特点,华北平原和川渝地区为氮沉降高值区,这主要与排放高值区的空间分布有关,NH₃和HNO₃ 沉降量都是在东部最大,这与东部一直以来较高的经济增长速度和农业活动水平有直接联系.从氮的不同组分形式（气态/颗粒态氮或者氧化性/还原性氮）来看,气态氮较颗粒态氮对总氮沉降的贡献更大,贡献比达66%; 相较氧化性氮,还原性氮对总氮沉降的贡献较大,贡献比为57%.进一步分析不同下垫面类型的氮干沉降结果,气态氮的干沉降均是在城市和农田下垫面上更高.NH₃ 干沉降通量主要受排放源影响,HNO₃ 干沉降通量则受气象条件影响较大,而排放源和气象条件均有很强的季节性 变化.NH₄⁺和NO₃^-在森林下垫面上的干沉降通量远多于其它类型的下垫面,这主要是因为森林下垫面粗糙度比较大,相应的摩擦速度也较大,湍流比较活跃,有利于粒子污染物的沉积.     

基于栅格尺度的生态安全评价及生态修复——以酒泉市肃州区为例

以节约优先、保护优先和自然恢复的方针为导向,基于栅格尺度评价生态安全状态,并开展国土空间生态修复分区,有助于实施精准修复、降低生态修复成本以及增加生态修复效益。本文以酒泉市肃州区为例,从环境基底和人类干扰的视角遴选评价因子,采用空间主成分分析法（SPCA）基于栅格尺度对生态安全进行评价,并将宏观尺度的生态保护红线和永久基本农田保护等现实约束条件与栅格尺度的生态安全评价结果相结合,实现精准的生态修复分区。结果表明：研究区整体生态安全水平偏低,中度安全水平及以下的面积为1391.65 km²,占研究区总面积的71.35%,生态安全格局总体呈中部高、四周低的特征。肃州区国土空间生态修复分区共划分出5个类型区,其中生态恢复区面积最大,占研究区总面积的46.17%。生态控制、生态保育、生态提升和生态整治四个类型区在乡村分布最多,说明肃州区乡村生态修复的复杂度、难度和重要程度更高。本文运用新的生态修复分区研究思路,以期丰富国土空间生态保护修复规划理论与方法。     

Process-based calibration of WRF-Hydro in a mountainous basin in southwestern U.S.

The National Water Model (NWM) will provide the next generation of operational streamflow forecasts across the United States (U.S.) using the WRF-Hydro hydrologic model. In this study, we propose a strategy to calibrate 10 parameters of WRF-Hydro that control runoff generation during floods and snowmelt seasons, and due to baseflow. We focus on the Oak Creek Basin (820 km²), an unregulated mountainous sub-watershed of the Salt and Verde River Basins in Arizona, which are the largest source of water supply for the Phoenix Metropolitan area. We calibrate the model against discharge observations at the outlet in 2008–2011, and validate it at two stream gauging stations in 2012–2016. After bias correcting the precipitation forcings, we sequentially modify the model parameters controlling distinct runoff generation processes in the basin. We find that capturing the deep drainage to the aquifer is crucial to improve the simulation of all processes and that this flux is mainly controlled by the SLOPE parameter. Performance metrics indicate that snowmelt, baseflow, and floods due to winter storms are simulated fairly well, while flood peaks caused by summer thunderstorms are severely underestimated. We suggest the use of spatially variable soil depth to enhance the simulation of these processes. This work supports the ongoing calibration effort of the NWM by testing WRF-Hydro in a watershed with a large variety of runoff mechanisms that are representative of several basins in the southwestern U.S.     

Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA)

Plastic packaging wastes increased considerably in recent decades, raising a major and serious public concern on political, economical and environmental levels. Dealing with this kind of problems is generally done by landfilling and energy recovery. However, these two methods are becoming more and more expensive, hazardous to the public health and the environment. Therefore, recycling is gaining worldwide consideration as a solution to decrease the growing volume of plastic packaging wastes and simultaneously reduce the consumption of oil required to produce virgin resin. Nevertheless, a major shortage is encountered in recycling which is related to the sorting of plastic wastes. In this paper, a feasibility study was performed in order to test the potential of an innovative approach combining mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy with independent components analysis (ICA), as a simple and fast approach which could achieve high separation rates. This approach (MIR-ICA) gave 100% discrimination rates in the separation of all studied plastics: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polylactide (PLA). In addition, some more specific discriminations were obtained separating plastic materials belonging to the same polymer family e.g. high density polyethylene (HDPE) from low density polyethylene (LDPE). High discrimination rates were obtained despite the heterogeneity among samples especially differences in colors, thicknesses and surface textures. The reproducibility of the proposed approach was also tested using two spectrometers with considerable differences in their sensitivities. Discrimination rates were not affected proving that the developed approach could be extrapolated to different spectrometers. MIR combined with ICA is a promising tool for plastic waste separation that can help improve performance in this field; however further technological improvements and developments are required before it can be applied at an industrial level given that all tests presented here were performed under laboratory conditions.