上海及邻近地区地震烈度衰减规律研究

上海市是国际性大都市,确定合理的抗震设防标准,对于城市防震减灾、经济建设和社会可持续发展具有重要意义。地震动衰减关系是地震区划和重大工程场地地震安全性评价的重要内容。在已有的上海及邻近地区地震烈度衰减关系中,统计结果所依据的烈度资料包括历史地震资料,而历史地震资料因震中位置精度不高原则上不宜作为地震烈度衰减关系的统计资料。在借用法工作中,地震动衰减关系所用的距离参数一般采用实际距离,与烈度等震线距离的含义有所不同。基于上述原因,本文仅选用了有近代仪器测定震级的地震,并对等震线的距离参数进行了修正,利用联合衰减统计方法,统计得到上海及邻近地区地震烈度衰减关系。 与以往的类似工作不同之处是:(1)仅选用了有近代仪器测定震级的地震,这样统计结果比较可靠。(2)对距离参数进行了修正,使地震动衰减和烈度衰减关系中的距离参数的定义尽可能保持一致。     

南河底泥中微量镉的催化极谱测定

本文提出了一种新的碘化钾—苯并—15—冠—5—镉络合体系作基质,以极谱催化波测定痕量镉。峰电位在—0.8伏左右,检测限为2ppb,镉浓度与峰高在4—100ppb范围内呈线性关系。方法简单快速,且选择性好。镉浓度在7.5ppb,变异系数为2.6％,回收率为97.5—110％,用该法与常规AAS法对成都南河底泥中微量镉进行对比分析,获得了同样准确的结果。     

机械故障振动信号征兆提取方法

在机械状态监测与故障诊断中，故障征兆的提取是关键环节，本文将介绍几种效果较好的故障征兆提取方法。     

处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

采用新型吹脱汽提-超声波联用技术，对高浓度氨氮废水的处理进行了研究，结果表明，吹脱汽提-超声波联用技术处理效果大于两者单独使用的效果之和。另外，研究中还考察了填料的使用、pH条件、温度、气液比和处理时间的影响，以利选择最优的处理条件。     

Microbiological analysis of multi-level borehole samples from a contaminated groundwater system

A range of bacteriological, geochemical process-related and molecular techniques have been used to assess the microbial biodegradative potential in groundwater contaminated with phenol and other tar acids. The contaminant plume has travelled 500 m from the pollutant source over several decades. Samples were obtained from the plume using a multi-level sampler (MLS) positioned in two boreholes (boreholes 59 and 60) which vertically transected two areas of the plume. Activity of the microbial community, as represented by phenol degradation potential and ability to utilise a range of substrates, was found to be influenced by the plume. Phenol degradation potential appeared to be influenced more by the concentration of the contaminants than the total bacterial cell numbers. However, in the areas of highest phenol concentration, the depression of cell numbers clearly had an effect. The types of bacteria present were assessed by culture and DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bacterial groups or processes associated with major geochemical processes, such as methanogenesis, sulphate reduction and denitrification, that have the potential to drive contaminant degradation, were detected at various borehole levels. A comparative molecular analysis of the microbial community between samples obtained from the MLS revealed the microbial community was diverse. The examination of microbial activity complemented those results obtained through chemical analysis, and when combined with hydrological data, showed that MLS samples provided a realistic profile of plume effects and could be related to the potential for natural attenuation of the site.     

Natural attenuation of trichloroethene and its degradation products at a lake-shore site

Subsurface contamination by trichloroethene (TCE) was detected at a Michigan National Priorities List (NPL) site in 1982. The TCE plume resulted from the disposal of spent solvent and other chemicals at an industrial facility located in the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. TCE degradation products of three dichloroethene (DCE) isomers, vinyl chloride (VC) and ethene were present. The plume was depleted of oxygen and methanogenic at certain depths. Transects of the plume were sampled by slotted auger borings the year after the TCE plume was first discovered. Water samples were also taken from lake sediments to a depth of 12 m about 100 m offshore. Later samples were taken along the shoreline of the lake with a hand-driven probe. Later in 1998 water was taken from sediments about 3-m from the shoreline. The average concentration of each chemical and net apparent base coefficient between appropriate pairs of transects between the lower site and lakeshore were calculated. Loss rates were then calculated from an analytical solution of the two-dimensional advective-dispersive-reactive transport equation. Net apparent rate coefficients and a set of coupled reaction rate equations were used to extract the apparent loss coefficients. This study showed the field evidence for natural attenuation of TCE.     

基于J&E/AAM模型的污染场地VOCs风险防控

土壤或地下水中挥发性有机污染物经包气带迁移后进入建筑物,导致室内污染物聚集危害人体健康.为研究场地蒸气入侵的过程及影响因素,以苯为例,借助一维J&E解析模型和二维近似解析AAM模型,探究土壤性质参数对污染场地建筑物底板处蒸气衰减系数和室内蒸气衰减系数的影响,并分析两个模型的适用条件.结果表明,室内蒸气浓度（C_in）取决于建筑物底板处蒸气浓度（C_ck）和土壤气体进入室内的速率（Q_ck）.J&E模型中,室内蒸气衰减系数（α_sin）随着地基埋深增加先减后增,而AAM模型中室内蒸气衰减系数一直呈上升趋势.毛细管的存在使蒸气衰减系数降低1~2个数量级,土壤水分也可有效阻挡蒸气向上扩散.在低渗透土壤条件下,两个模型计算的室内蒸气衰减系数均在10-4左右;在高渗透土壤条件下,建筑物底板处对流作用强烈,J&E模型建筑物底板处蒸气浓度减小,室内蒸气衰减系数在10-3左右,AAM模型建筑物底板处蒸气浓度为定值,室内蒸气衰减系数随土壤渗透系数的变化大致呈线性增长,且比J&E模型结果高1~2个数量级.研究显示,当污染场地建筑物底部对流作用强烈或在砂土、壤土类土壤中,采用J&E模型更为合理;对流较弱或在粉土、黏土中,可以采用AAM模型代替J&E模型,简化计算过程,便于进行场地风险评估.污染物蒸气在砂土中穿透力较强,而黏土层可以有效阻挡蒸气的迁移,在实际场地风险管控中,可以采用换土或表层覆盖黏土的方法阻挡蒸气的迁移.      

土壤和地下水污染的监控自然衰减修复技术研究进展

我国土壤和地下水污染形势严峻,污染场地数量巨大、类型复杂,相应的管理和修复技术体系仍然滞后.监控自然衰减（MNA）作为一种基于污染风险管控的场地修复和长期监测方法,是土壤和地下水污染修复中较为经济和有效的方法之一,可以实现修复的成本效益最大化.近几年来MNA在美国污染场地修复中的应用比例约占30%左右,场地修复的平均成本为数十万美元.本文介绍了MNA方法的来源和发展,总结了MNA的国内外研究应用进展和相关的核心技术手段,与典型修复方法的成本进行了比较,以期为MNA相关的研究和应用提供参考借鉴.     

Effect of temperature tuning on the aerosol acoustic aggregation process

Diesel exhaust aerosols(DEAs) can absorb and accumulate toxic metal particulates and bacteria suspended in the atmospheric environment, which impact human health and the environment.The use of acoustic standing waves(ASWs) to aggregate DEA is currently considered to be an efficient particle removal method; however, study of the effect of different temperatures on the acoustic aggregation process is scarce. To explore the method and technology to regulate and optimize the aerosol aggregation process through temperature tuning, an acoustic apparatus integrated with a temperature regulation function was constructed. Using this apparatus, the effect of different characteristic temperatures(CTs) on the aerosol aggregation process was investigated experimentally in the ASW environment. Under constant conditions of acoustic frequency 1.286 kHz, voltage amplitude 17 V and input electric power 16.7 W, the study concentrated on temperature effects on the aggregation process in the CT range of 58–72°C. The DEA opacity was used. The results demonstrate that the aggregation process is quite sensitive to the CT, and that the optimal DEA aggregation can be achieved at 66°C. The aggregated particles of 68.17 μm are composed of small nanoparticles of 13.34–62.15 nm. At CTs higher and lower than 66°C, the apparatus in non-resonance mode reduces the DEA aggregation level. For other instruments, the method for obtaining the optimum temperature for acoustic agglomeration is universal. This preliminary demonstration shows that the use of acoustic technology to regulate the aerosol aggregation process through tuning the operating temperature is feasible and convenient.     

基于Mie理论的带电沙尘媒质微波衰减特性研究

目的研究带电沙尘媒质中微波衰减特性。方法根据带电球形粒子Mie散射理论,分析带电沙尘粒子的散射特性及带电沙尘媒质的微波衰减。结果在同一频率下,消光系数随着沙粒半径增大而增大,带电沙粒的消光系数要大于不带电沙粒的消光系数。对于同一频率和能见度,带电沙的衰减要比不带电沙的衰减要大,且衰减随能见度的增大而减小。结论带电沙尘粒子对微波传播影响比中性沙尘粒子明显。