A new shock tube configuration for studying dust-lifting during the initiation of a coal dust explosion

The traditional defence against propagating coal dust explosions is the application of dry stone dust. This proven and effective safety measure is strictly regulated based on extensive international experience. While new products, such as foamed stone dust, offer significant practical benefits, no benchmark tests currently exist to certify their dust lifting performance in comparison to dry stone dust. This paper reviews the coal dust explosion mechanism, and argues that benchmark testing should focus on dust lifting during the initial development of the explosion, prior to arrival of the flame. In a practical context, this requires the generation of shock waves with Mach numbers ranging from 1.05 to 1.4, and test times of the order of 10's to 100's of milliseconds. These proposed test times are significantly longer than previous laboratory studies, however, for certification purposes, it is argued that the dust lifting behaviour should be examined over the full timescales of an actual explosion scenario. These conditions can be accurately targeted using a shock tube at length scales of approximately 50 m. It is further proposed that useful test time can be maximised if an appropriately sized orifice plate is fitted to the tube exit, an arrangement which also offers practical advantages for testing. The paper demonstrates this operating capability with proof-of-concept experiments using The University of Queensland's X3 impulse facility.     

综合物探技术在矿井工作面底板含水构造探测中的应用

为了查明汾源煤业文明矿5-101首采工作面底板岩层赋水情况和煤层地质异常体情况,并对其进行突水危险性区域划分及评价,采用瞬变电磁法、直流电法和无线电波透视法三种物探方法综合勘探,综合分析三种物探方法探查结果,并结合揭露情况和钻孔验证。结果表明:位于切眼往外(0~250)m范围内,工作面底板相对破碎、裂隙岩溶发育或富水性强,导高大,且煤层内部较不均匀,存在多条5m以上落差含水断裂破碎带,此区域突水危险性最大;切眼往外(300~380)m范围内存在局部富水区域,导高较小,但不存在构造破碎带,突水可能性较小;工作面其他区域都较安全。综合物探比单一物探更具有准确性和可靠性,更符合工程实际情况,为采取针对性的治理措施从而实现安全回采提供了参考依据。     

Simulation analysis on structure safety of coal mine mobile refuge chamber under explosion load

In order to check structural strength of coal mine mobiles refuge chamber, and do security evaluation of the mobile refuge chamber, a refuge chamber model was established, then a finite element method was instituted for it to ensure the refuge chamber would not be severely damaged when gas or coal dust explosion suddenly happened. A triangle shock wave with 1.2 MPa over-pressure, 300 ms lasting time was settled. Explicit nonlinear dynamic analysis program was used to simulate response of the refuge chamber. The maximum stress was 244 MPa, located in central part of sides and tail end of the last capsule. The maximum displacement was 29.32 mm, located in central part of sides and tail end of the last capsule. The calculation indicated that the refuge chamber was not obviously damaged. It could reliable work to meet safety requirements. Compared with the reported experimental results, the simulation method was verified. Based on analysis, suggestions were put forward for further improving.     

基于皮电、心率和β波的指挥人员应急能力度量

指挥人员的应急能力是决定应急工作效率的重要因素,按照生理、心理性指标度量的指挥人员的应急能力,是选择指挥人员的重要依据之一。首先,分析指挥人员应急能力与情绪、生理性应激的关系。然后,利用E-prime软件,通过情绪Stroop效应范式诱发情绪,用生物反馈仪测量生理性应激状态下生理指标变化,研究高应急能力指挥人员应具备的能力条件。试验结果表明,高应急能力组人员应激前后皮电、心率、β波以及反应时间等指标变化率显著低于低应急能力组人员。试验结果与人的应急能力分类指标相符,能力较强的指挥人员的生理指标变化率较低,适合从事应急指挥方面的工作。     

1,2-二氯乙烷自然衰减过程中模拟饱和含水层的氧化还原条件变化

为研究自然条件下饱和含水层中1,2-DCA(1,2-二氯乙烷)的自然衰减过程及该过程中含水层氧化还原环境的变化特征,利用室内连续水流土柱模拟饱和含水层,研究生物降解作用对1,2-DCA自然衰减的贡献以及饱和含水层环境条件的动态变化规律. 初始ρ(1,2-DCA)为50 mg/L,模拟地下水流速为450 μL/min,模拟试验连续进行30 d,分别监测ρ(1,2-DCA)和水环境指标. 结果表明,1,2-DCA自然衰减的一级速率常数为0.068 9 d-1,其中生物降解作用的贡献率为6.34%. 1,2-DCA自然衰减过程中,NO₃-首先充当生物降解的电子受体,随后Fe3+、SO₄2-依次发生反应,土柱内部不同高度出现了氧化还原分带,分别是硫酸盐还原带、铁盐还原带、硝酸盐还原带.      

Modelling the propagation of an internal solitary wave across double ridges and a shelf-slope

Evolution of the internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the northern South China Sea (SCS) has recently attracted the attention of many oceanographers in Taiwan and the United States. These ISWs are believed to have been induced by a branch of the Kuroshio current over Luzon Strait, which propagates westward over two ridges in the Luzon Strait between Taiwan and the Philippines, and further onto the continental margin with a shelf-slope in the SCS. This paper presents some preliminary results for the evolution of a depression ISW across two triangular obstacles using numerical modelling and laboratory experiments. The experimental results confirm that the intervals and relative height between the two obstacles are important factors in the interaction of an ISW with the obstacles. However, in the case of the movement of an ISW of depression-type across the Luzon Strait, the effect of the two ridges on the characteristics of the ISW might be less significant than that from the shelf-slope, due to the variations in relative water depth. Results from numerical experiments also show that the amplitude of an ISW can be augmented once the wave commences its contact with a shelf-slope, where an internal hydraulic jump and wave breaking with vortex motion are evident in the laboratory experiments. Eventually, an ISW of depression-type could become an elevation-type at the edge of the continental shelf landwards beyond the turning point, where the upper layer is larger than the bottom layer in a stratified water column.     

Microbial nitrogen transformation potential in surface run-off leachate from a tropical landfill

Ammonium is one of the major toxic compounds and a critical long-term pollutant in landfill leachate. Leachate from the Jatibarang landfill in Semarang, Indonesia, contains ammonium in concentrations ranging from 376 to 929 mg N L⁻¹. The objective of this study was to determine seasonal variation in the potential for organic nitrogen ammonification, aerobic nitrification, anaerobic nitrate reduction and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) at this landfilling site. Seasonal samples from leachate collection treatment ponds were used as an inoculum to feed synthetic media to determine potential rates of nitrogen transformations. Aerobic ammonium oxidation potential (<0.06 mg N L⁻¹ h⁻¹) was more than a hundred times lower than the anaerobic nitrogen transformation processes and organic nitrogen ammonification, which were of the same order of magnitude. Anaerobic nitrate oxidation did not proceed beyond nitrite; isolates grown with nitrate as electron acceptor did not degrade nitrite further. Effects of season were only observed for aerobic nitrification and anammox, and were relatively minor: rates were up to three times higher in the dry season. To completely remove the excess ammonium from the leachate, we propose a two-stage treatment system to be implemented. Aeration in the first leachate pond would strongly contribute to aerobic ammonium oxidation to nitrate by providing the currently missing oxygen in the anaerobic leachate and allowing for the growth of ammonium oxidisers. In the second pond the remaining ammonium and produced nitrate can be converted by a combination of nitrate reduction to nitrite and anammox. Such optimization of microbial nitrogen transformations can contribute to alleviating the ammonium discharge to surface water draining the landfill.     

地铁引起的地面振动传播

依埋深波源在弹性半空间的传播原理,提出了地铁波源引起的地面振动实用计算公式和传递系数。对地铁波源的P波、S波引起的地面面波叠加,得出地面振动计算公式。实用计算公式与数个地铁工程运行所致的地面振动现场实测作了比较,能满足工程精度。     

污染场地卤代烃非生物自然衰减研究进展

传统的卤代烃自然衰减研究主要关注生物降解过程,然而近年有研究发现卤代烃可以被地层中的活性矿物还原降解.对天然活性矿物介导下卤代烃非生物自然衰减的研究进展总结显示,可以还原降解卤代烃的天然矿物主要包括铁硫矿物、铁氧矿物和含铁黏土矿物等,其中铁硫矿物在含水层中分布最为广泛.常见的反应机制包括还原消除、氢解、自由基加成、自由基偶联、脱卤化氢、水解,其中还原消除和氢解是其中最重要的两种反应机制,常见于卤代烷烃和卤代烯烃的非生物降解.卤代烃的非生物降解产物主要取决于还原降解途径和母体卤代烃.不同矿物对卤代烃的降解活性大致表现为马基诺矿?黄铁矿>黑云母>蛭石≈绿锈>磁铁矿≈蒙脱石.卤代烃的降解速率除受矿物种类影响外,还受到卤代烃种类、pH、硫化物浓度、共存金属离子、天然有机物、矿物形态等因素的影响.现有的研究已经确证活性矿物的还原降解是卤代烃自然衰减的重要机制,但该领域中仍然有一些重要知识点有待进一步研究.关于活性铁矿物Fe（Ⅱ）类型和反应能力之间的关系、还原卤代烃过程中Fe（Ⅱ）的结构变化以及结构态Fe（Ⅱ）向卤代烃的电子转移方式等仍然不清楚,建议进行更深入的研究;现有研究大都基于实验室小试装置,实际场地的研究不多,建议今后进一步探究实验室发现的规律是否符合场地中的实际情况;地下水位波动导致活性矿物间歇性暴露在溶解氧中,可能产生羟自由基（·OH）实现并导致卤代烃的氧化降解,这方面的研究目前尚存在不足,建议给予更多关注.      

Impulsive waves caused by subaerial landslides

This paper presents the experimental results of impulsive waves caused by subaerial landslides. A wide range of effective parameters are considered and studied by performing 120 laboratory tests. Considered slide masses are both rigid and deformable. The effects of bed slope angle, water depth, slide impact velocity, geometry, shape and deformation on impulse wave characteristics have been inspected. The impulse wave features such as amplitude, period and also energy conversation are studied. The effects of slide Froude number and deformation on energy conversation from slide into wave are also investigated. Based on laboratory measured data an empirical equation for impulse wave amplitude and period have been presented and successfully verified using available data of previous laboratory works.