Biogeochemistry and isotope geochemistry of a landfill leachate plume

The biogeochemical processes were identified which improved the leachate composition in the flow direction of a landfill leachate plume (Banisveld, The Netherlands). Groundwater observation wells were placed at specific locations after delineating the leachate plume using geophysical tests to map subsurface conductivity. Redox processes were determined using the distribution of solid and soluble redox species, hydrogen concentrations, concentration of dissolved gases (N(2), Ar, and CH(4)), and stable isotopes (delta15N-NO(3), delta34S-SO(4), delta13C-CH(4), delta2H-CH(4), and delta13C of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC, respectively)). The combined application of these techniques improved the redox interpretation considerably. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) decreased downstream in association with increasing delta13C-DOC values confirming the occurrence of degradation. Degradation of DOC was coupled to iron reduction inside the plume, while denitrification could be an important redox process at the top fringe of the plume. Stable carbon and hydrogen isotope signatures of methane indicated that methane was formed inside the landfill and not in the plume. Total gas pressure exceeded hydrostatic pressure in the plume, and methane seems subject to degassing. Quantitative proof for DOC degradation under iron-reducing conditions could only be obtained if the geochemical processes cation exchange and precipitation of carbonate minerals (siderite and calcite) were considered and incorporated in an inverse geochemical model of the plume. Simulation of delta13C-DIC confirmed that precipitation of carbonate minerals happened.     

INLET CONCENTRATION TIME NOMOGRAM FOR URBAN BASINS1

ABSTRACT: A physically-based nomogram to determine inlet concentration times for composite developed basins is presented. This nomogram is constructed from previously derived kinematic wave formulations of both catchment and gutter flow components of surface runoff. With specified physical properties of a basin and rainfall intensity-duration relationships, the inlet time can be obtained from the nomogram directly.     

EFFECT OF RAINFALL-EXCESS DETERMINATION ON RUNOFF COMPUTATION1

ABSTRACT: Four methods of determining rainfall-excess are considered. They include Ø-index and equations of Horton, Kostyakov and Philip. These methods are utilized in a nonlinear kinematic wave model to predict surface runoff from two natural agricultural watersheds. The effect of determining rainfall-excess on surface runoff response is then examined. It is observed that errors in rainfall-excess constitute a major source of error in runoff prediction. The choice of a method of determining rainfall-excess is thus crucial to runoff computation.     

KINEMATIC FLOW ON LONG IMPERMEABLE PLANES1

An analysis of more than 200 overland flow hydrographs generated by simulated rainfall on long impermeable planes showed that kinematic waves prevailed over dynamic waves. Although laminar flow appears to occur at low flows, most flows appear to be either in the transition from the laminar to the turbulent state or in a fully developed turbulent state. Location of the laminar-turbulent transition could not be explained in terms of Reynolds number alone. The transition was significantly affected by rainfall intensity-a factor which rendered quantification of the transition indeterminate. However, the error involved in treating all flows as turbulent would be small with the resulting analysis made considerably less complex.     

CHLOROPHYLL,PHOSPHORUS, SECCHI DISK,AND TROPHIC STATE1

ABSTRACT: The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non-chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.     

高大建[构]筑物的共振震害

分析了国内外典型地震的共振震害个例。论述了致灾的长周期和大振幅地震波形成规律：①地震波周期随震级和震中距而增大;②长周期波出现与地基类型有关,软弱地基能传递长周期地震波,地基越软弱,越厚所能传递的波周期越长;③松软地基对地震波起放大作用,特别是表层松软、下层坚硬的地基,放大作用更显著,对高大建筑物危害更大。提出了减轻共振震害的对策。随着经济发展,高大建筑和结构物越来越多,潜在震害日益加重,研究共振震害对防震减灾具有现实意义。     

霍山窗与华东中强地震关系研究

分析了１９７２～１９９７年霍山窗小震的资料,研究了小震月频次、小震空间分布、Ｐ轴取向、Ｐ波初动等特征。认为当霍山窗小震月频次增高超过４０次时应注意３个月内华东地区在佛子岭东北或西南方向５００ｋｍ内可能发生中强地震。未来地震的大小、距离和方位与震群中的最大震级及佛子岭台记录到的Ｐ波初动符号的一致性和空间特征有关。     

砼强度的声速-衰减系数差值综合检测法

通过初步的理论分析,将一般的砼强度的声速－衰减系数综合检测法演变为声速－衰减系数差值综合检测法,对比试验证明该法较简单的Ｒ（Ｖ）法有明显的优点,从而使得该法由实验室研究走向现场应用成为可能。     

用于1，3-二硝基苯快速检测的免疫传感器研究

利用倏逝波全光纤生物传感平台,发展了一种用于1,3-二硝基苯快速检测的免疫传感器,其检测限可达0.054 mg·L-1,检测时间少于10 min.采用先将小分子污染物与惰性蛋白OVA结合制备成复合物,然后将该复合物通过双功能试剂连接到硅烷化后的光纤探头表面作为生物识别元件,使得传感器具有良好的鲁棒性和再生性能,可以重复使用上百次,而且没有明显的活性损失.实际水样的加标回收实验表明,所有样品的加标回收率在80%~120%之间,相对标准偏差为4.5%~10.0%,具有很好的精密度和准确性,受环境基质的影响较小,因此,该免疫传感器能够用于实际水样中1,3-二硝基苯的快速检测.     

超声波处理活性污泥细胞破壁脱水研究

利用超声波破碎活性污泥中的细胞壁,使细胞的胞液渗出,达到污泥干化的目的。通过研究利用超声波处理剩余活性污泥的原理,不同条件因素对处理效果的影响,以及处理后活性污泥性质的改变情况。将来,随着科学技术的发展和对超声波技术研究的深入,利用超声波处理活性污泥的方法将日趋成熟。超声波作为一种清洁的手段一定会广泛应用于废水的处理工程中,为经济的持续发展和资源环境的保护服务。