超声波处理活性污泥细胞破壁脱水研究

利用超声波破碎活性污泥中的细胞壁,使细胞的胞液渗出,达到污泥干化的目的。通过研究利用超声波处理剩余活性污泥的原理,不同条件因素对处理效果的影响,以及处理后活性污泥性质的改变情况。将来,随着科学技术的发展和对超声波技术研究的深入,利用超声波处理活性污泥的方法将日趋成熟。超声波作为一种清洁的手段一定会广泛应用于废水的处理工程中,为经济的持续发展和资源环境的保护服务。     

高速铁路桥梁路段地面环境振动衰减特性研究

为了解高速铁路桥梁段列车运行引起的桥下地面环境振动衰减规律,对京津城际铁路247号桥墩处高速列车桥梁段列车运行时的环境振动进行测试,通过回归分析测试数据,得到了高速铁路桥梁段列车运行时所引起的地面环境振动衰减经验公式,并对现场测试数据与其他预测公式进行比较,分析了预测公式的有效性,为高速铁路引起地面环境振动的预防和治理提供参考。     

包气带砂层中垃圾渗滤液自然衰减作用研究

通过实验定量分析了包气带砂层中影响垃圾渗滤液污染物自然衰减的吸附作用和生物降解作用。通过静态吸附实验计算得到砂层对COD和NH4+的理论最大吸附量为52.36和35.34 mg/kg。在生物降解作用研究中,确定HgCl2为生物作用抑制剂,最佳抑制浓度为10 mg/L。通过模拟柱对比得出包气带砂层中,生物降解是垃圾渗滤液污染物自然衰减的主要机制。生物作用和自然衰减条件下,垃圾渗滤液中COD在包气带砂层中的一级衰减动力学方程分别为:ρ(COD)=642221e-0.0017t和ρ(COD)=642221e-0.0021t。     

关于电磁污染及其防护措施的探讨

电磁污染是一种无形的污染,已成为人们非常关注的公害,给人类社会带来的影响已引起世界各国的重视,被列为环境保护项目之一。本文通过电磁辐射污染的主要来源以及环境电磁辐射水平的监测结果来说明现阶段电磁辐射污染状况,从改变功率、频率、距离等场强影响参数入手,来说明降低电磁辐射水平的技术手段,并通过实验和现场测试结果进一步详细阐述了在防止电磁污染方面的各种措施,以给人们一点提示。     

压力脉冲波法天然气管道堵塞检测研究*

为快速检测出天然气管道堵塞位置、长度及堵塞程度,解决天然气输运管道中堵塞定位难题,探讨压力脉冲波法管道堵塞检测的可行性与效果。搭建长220 m的压力脉冲波堵塞检测实验系统,进行多组连续性长堵塞检测实验和水堵检测实验。结果表明:连续性长堵塞检测实验中堵塞前沿反射信号为负压波,堵塞后沿信号为正压波,且波形清晰可辩,其多组实验的堵塞位置、堵塞长度及堵塞率的平均检测误差分别为0.23%,0.75%和2.67%;水堵反射信号清晰可辨但波形复杂,其多组实验的堵塞位置、堵塞长度及堵塞率的平均检测误差分别为0.78%,9.61%和43.28%。实验结果有效地证实了压力脉冲法的可靠性与实用性,并为压力脉冲波法堵塞检测现场应用提供指导。     

煤与瓦斯突出两相流传播特性实验研究*

为了探究煤与瓦斯突出后煤粉-瓦斯两相流传播规律,利用自主搭建的煤与瓦斯突出管网实验系统,研究突出后冲击气流压力衰减规律、煤粉运移分布特征。结果表明:在初始压力为0.4 MPa时共突出煤粉3.12 kg,管道内煤粉质量呈正态分布,管道前部煤粉分布较少,占突出煤粉质量33.7%,多为小粒径煤粉;管道中部煤粉分布最多,占突出煤粉质量61%,粒径分布范围广;后部煤粉分布质量最小,仅占突出煤粉质量的5.3%,但多为大颗粒粒径煤粉。煤粉在管道内测点处依次为分层流、均匀流、大颗粒流3种流态,每种流动形态所对应的运移速度与煤粉打击压力均呈现逐渐衰减的规律。突出后冲击气流压力沿管道呈现衰减趋势,冲击气流对管道内所造成的压力扰动可持续 4 s左右。     

爆炸冲击环境下内凹蜂窝型梯度结构响应特性研究*

为提升应急救援人员防护服抗爆能力,减少爆炸事故中人员伤亡数量,以内凹蜂窝型梯度结构为研究对象,采用爆炸冲击实验与数值有限元法相结合的研究手段,通过改变胞元尺寸与胞元凹角对梯度蜂窝结构进行优化,分析梯度结构在爆炸冲击环境下冲击波衰减效率和力学响应规律。结果表明:同等质量条件下,内凹蜂窝结构尺寸梯度为2.58 mm-3.40 mm-2.58 mm、角度梯度30°-22.5°-30°时对冲击波的衰减效应最佳,衰减效率分别为85.44%,82.29%。研究结果可为同时满足轻质、高强抗爆要求的防护服结构设计提供技术支撑。     

Fracture criterion and control plan on CO2 pipelines: Theory analysis and full-bore rupture (FBR) experimental study

Pressurized pipelines are the most reliable and cost-effective option for the long-distance transportation of CO₂ from an emitter to an onshore storage site. Propagating or unstable factures are considered catastrophic pipeline failures, resulting in a massive escape of inventory within a short period of time. The decompression curve for CO₂ exhibits a large drop in decompression wave speed at the phase transition pressure, leading to a higher driving force for crack propagation. The study of fracture control plans is very important for assessing the possibility of fracture propagation and preventing unstable fracturing along CO₂ pipelines. Three full-bore rupture (FBR) experiments were performed using an industrial-scale (258 m long, 233 mm inner diameter) CO2 pipeline with initial CO2 states of gaseous, dense and supercritical phases, respectively. The relation between the decompression velocity and the pipeline fracture propagation velocity was analyzed during the process of buried CO2 pipeline release. A fracture propagation criterion was established for the buried CO₂ pipeline. For the gaseous CO₂ leakage, the pressure plateau corresponding to the decompression wave velocity only appeared near the closed end of the pipeline. For the dense CO₂ leakage, the pressure plateau corresponding to the decompression wave velocity was observed near the saturation pressure after rapid decompression. For the supercritical CO₂ leakage, the pressure plateau corresponding to the decompression wave velocity was observed in the stage when the supercritical CO₂ transformed into the two phases of gas and liquid. Compared with the gaseous and dense CO₂, for the supercritical CO_2, the initial decompression wave velocity was the smallest, and the requirement of the pipeline safety factor was the highest.     

上海及邻近地区地震烈度衰减规律研究

上海市是国际性大都市,确定合理的抗震设防标准,对于城市防震减灾、经济建设和社会可持续发展具有重要意义。地震动衰减关系是地震区划和重大工程场地地震安全性评价的重要内容。在已有的上海及邻近地区地震烈度衰减关系中,统计结果所依据的烈度资料包括历史地震资料,而历史地震资料因震中位置精度不高原则上不宜作为地震烈度衰减关系的统计资料。在借用法工作中,地震动衰减关系所用的距离参数一般采用实际距离,与烈度等震线距离的含义有所不同。基于上述原因,本文仅选用了有近代仪器测定震级的地震,并对等震线的距离参数进行了修正,利用联合衰减统计方法,统计得到上海及邻近地区地震烈度衰减关系。 与以往的类似工作不同之处是:(1)仅选用了有近代仪器测定震级的地震,这样统计结果比较可靠。(2)对距离参数进行了修正,使地震动衰减和烈度衰减关系中的距离参数的定义尽可能保持一致。     

Biodegradation of hydrocarbons vapors: Comparison of laboratory studies and field investigations in the vadose zone at the emplaced fuel source experiment, Airbase Vaerløse, Denmark

The natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the unsaturated zone can only be predicted when information about microbial biodegradation rates and kinetics are known. This study aimed at determining first-order rate coefficients for the aerobic biodegradation of 13 volatile petroleum hydrocarbons which were artificially emplaced as a liquid mixture during a field experiment in an unsaturated sandy soil. Apparent first-order biodegradation rate coefficients were estimated by comparing the spatial evolution of the resulting vapor plumes to an analytical reactive transport model. Two independent reactive numerical model approaches have been used to simulate the diffusive migration of VOC vapors and to estimate degradation rate coefficients. Supplementary laboratory column and microcosm experiments were performed with the sandy soil at room temperature under aerobic conditions. First-order kinetics adequately matched the lab column profiles for most of the compounds. Consistent compound-specific apparent first-order rate coefficients were obtained by the three models and the lab column experiment, except for benzene. Laboratory microcosm experiments lacked of sensitivity for slowly degrading compounds and underestimated degradation rates by up to a factor of 5. Addition of NH3 vapor was shown to increase the degradation rates for some VOCs in the laboratory microcosms. All field models suggested a significantly higher degradation rate for benzene than the rates measured in the lab, suggesting that the field microbial community was superior in developing benzene degrading activity.