排序方式: 共有30条查询结果,搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
In Europe, the use of direct methods using lysimeters for measuring water and solute flow in soils increased in recent years.
Large weighable lysimeters are best suitable for obtaining reliable data about seepage water quantity and quality. Field lysimeters
– lysimeters built in directly in agriculturally used areas – of high technical standard allow a precise determination of
the influence of different cropping systems on groundwater quality. They combine the advantages of true field conditions and
laboratory possibilities of varying parameters, handling and maintenance. Due to the specific needs of each application the
instrumentation varies. Based on general remarks on the advantages of precise weighing lysimeters four standardized lysimeter
configurations are presented. Beside the specific needs of design and setup of lysimeter stations, there is need to define
general requirements to enable comparable results based on standardized basic design and to reduce individual mistakes. 相似文献
2.
Gholam‐Abbas Barani Mohammad Javad Khanjani 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(4):1053-1060
ABSTRACT: To measure crop evapotranspiration, a large double tank, electronic weighting lysimeter system was designed and installed at the Shahid Bahonar University farm, Kerman, Iran. The system was installed in a 50 m2 underground building. It includes two tanks of 3.00 m in diameter and 1.75 m deep. The weighing mechanism for each tank is a set of three compression strain gage load cells, which are fixed on 1.20 m height column above the floor. According to the specification of the load cells, the maximum possible weighing error may be about 0.01 percent of total mass, which is equivalent to 0.28 mm of water, but the measured error was equal to 1 kg mass, which is equivalent to 0.14 mm of water. The load cell data from each tank and the on‐site environmental data (temperature, humidity, and wind velocity and direction) are automatically recorded and saved in a personal computer hard disk for further use and analysis. 相似文献
3.
D. C. Davenport J. E. Anderson L. W. Gay B. E. Kynard E. K. Bonde R. M. Hagan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(5):1293-1300
ABSTRACT: The continuous availability of ground water to riparian phreatophytic vegetation results in large evapotranspiration (ET) losses in summer. Chemical or physical eradication of this vegetation can have undesirable environmental side effects. Spraying phreatophyte foliage with a nontoxic antitranspirant (AT) may reduce transpiration without eradication. Transpiration rate per unit leaf area was similar for several phreatophyte species, but ET per unit land area of phreatophytes depneds more on stand density than species. The mean ET for saltcedar in June was 8.1 mm/day measured by Bowen ratio, compared with 7.9 mm by lysimeters. ATs and growth-retardants reduced transpiration by over 50 percent in laboratory tests where foliage was thoroughly sprayed. In the field AT sprayed by a back-pack mistblower reduced ET by 20–35 percent initially and 10 percent after a month. No ET reduction occurred when AT was sprayed by helicopter on saltcedar, because excessive droplet size and heavy salt deposits on the foliage resulted in poor spray adherence. Wax-based AT was relatively nontoxic to fish and wildlife. Dissolved oxygen could be reduced for aquatic life, but further AT dilution in streams and ponds would minimize this. Helicopter spraying may affect bird nests and egg hatchability. Although ATs significantly reduce ET, their high cost and spraying difficulties preclude current use on phreatophytes. With improvement they may economically help to conserve water in riparian areas in future years. 相似文献
4.
5.
为研究不同重金属在土壤中的迁移和形态转化,通过分层填装土柱,在土柱0~5 cm深度范围内添加Pb、Ag、Bi、In、Sb和Sn等重金属污染土壤,并在自然条件下淋溶4 a,分析各重金属在红壤、潮土、黑土和砂土中的迁移速率及其形态组成. 结果表明:①在>30 cm深度范围内,红壤、潮土和黑土中各重金属质量分数与其相应本底值相比变化不大;与试验前土壤相比,砂土整个剖面中6种重金属质量分数均较高. ②6种重金属在4种土壤中的残留率表现为砂土<潮土<黑土<红壤;对于0~10 cm土壤中Pb的残留率,在潮土中大于Ag和Sb,在黑土中大于Ag,在红壤中大于In,在砂土中则大于Sn. ③模拟试验后残留在土柱中的重金属主要分布在土壤表层(0~30 cm),而深层(>30 cm)较少;6种重金属在红壤、潮土、黑土和砂土中的残留率平均值分别为98.0%、65.1%、65.9%和56.5%. ④与添加污染土壤之前相比,试验后土壤中残渣态等稳定形态重金属质量分数较低,其中Pb、In和Sb均以碳酸盐结合态和有机金属络合态为主,Ag和Sn分别以有机金属络合态、双氧水可提取有机结合态和有机金属络合态、无定形铁锰氧化物结合态为主,而Bi则以碳酸盐结合态和双氧水可提取有机结合态为主. 结果显示,红壤中Pb的迁移风险较低,潮土和黑土中Ag、Sb的迁移风险较高,而砂土中Sn和Sb的迁移风险需要格外关注. 相似文献
6.
7.
制定区域大气环境总量控制方案的技术方法 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
提出了区域大气环境总量控制方案制定的技术路线和主要技术,即污染物的基础允许排放量,平权允许排放量和优化允许排放量的确定方法,以上海市某加工区SO2总量控制方案作了实例分析。 相似文献
8.
T. Wagner L. M. Arango Isaza S. Grundmann U. Dörfler R. Schroll M. Schloter A. Hartmann H. Sandermann D. Ernst 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(2):155-162
The gene transfer from glyphosate tolerant soybean to Bradyrhizobium japonicum was evaluated in a free-air lysimeter experiment under natural conditions and increasing selection pressure, to monitor for the probability of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). A large volume lysimeter study that offers conditions comparable to normal farming was conducted in 2004 and 2005 with Roundup Ready® (RR) soybean and Roundup® application according to agricultural practice. Analysis of nodules showed, as expected, the presence of the transgenic 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). However, in bacteroids that were isolated from nodules and then cultivated for several rounds in the presence of high levels of glyphosate, the EPSPS gene could no longer be detected. This indicates no stable HGT transfer of the whole EPSPS gene under field conditions. 相似文献
9.
目前中国大气颗粒物污染严重,许多颗粒物测量工作使用基于滤膜采样的重量分析法,滤膜称重过程的质量保障至关重要.本文搭建了一套具有恒湿能力的滤膜平衡称重箱(1.2 m×0.6 m×0.8 m)并自制流量控制系统用于平衡和称量滤膜.通过测试空白滤膜和负载大气颗粒物的滤膜在不同相对湿度下的质量变化确定了30%~40%的平衡相对湿度并选用饱和氯化镁溶液控制称重箱内的相对湿度.用20 L·min~(-1)的干燥气通过装有饱和氯化镁溶液的恒湿箱,再将平衡后的气体通入平衡称重箱使其相对湿度达到稳定,随后用5 L·min~(-1)的流量维持.通过一个月的测试表明,系统在称重箱外相对湿度变化较大时,仍可维持称重箱内相对湿度在30.1%~34.0%之间.使用该恒湿系统称量60张滤膜,恒湿3次后称量的偏差均值不超过±0.02mg.相比于其他恒湿系统,这套系统具有简单、稳定、易于维护和成本低的特点. 相似文献
10.