Assessing tungsten transport in the vadose zone: from dissolution studies to soil columns

This study investigates the dissolution, sorption, leachability, and plant uptake of tungsten and alloying metals from canister round munitions in the presence of model, well characterized soils. The source of tungsten was canister round munitions, composed mainly of tungsten (95%) with iron and nickel making up the remaining fraction. Three soils were chosen for the lysimeter studies while four model soils were selected for the adsorption studies. Lysimeter soils were representatives of the typical range of soils across the continental USA; muck-peat, clay-loamy and sandy-quartzose soil. Adsorption equilibrium data on the four model soils were modeled with Langmuir and linear isotherms and the model parameters were obtained. The adsorption affinity of soils for tungsten follows the order: Pahokee peat > kaolinite > montmorillonite > illite. A canister round munition dissolution study was also performed. After 24 d, the measured dissolved concentrations were: 61.97, 3.56, 15.83 mg L⁻¹ for tungsten, iron and nickel, respectively. Lysimeter transport studies show muck peat and sandy quartzose soils having higher tungsten concentration, up to 150 mg kg⁻¹ in the upper layers of the lysimeters and a sharp decline with depth suggesting strong retardation processes along the soil profile. The concentrations of tungsten, iron and nickel in soil lysimeter effluents were very low in terms of posing any environmental concern; although no regulatory limits have been established for tungsten in natural waters. The substantial uptake of tungsten and nickel by ryegrass after 120 d of exposure to soils containing canister round munition suggests the possibility of tungsten and nickel entering the food chain.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Simulation study on vertical transport of atrazine in soil column

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基于修正遗传算法的夏玉米作物系数及蒸散发估算

农田蒸散量是作物蒸腾量和土壤蒸发量的总和,准确估算农田蒸散量对制定合理的灌溉计划至关重要,进而对农作物的增产保收具有重要的意义.研究作物系数及蒸散量估算模型已成为一个热点科学问题.淮河流域是中国主要的农业生产基地,而夏玉米是淮河流域最主要的粮食作物之一.为研究夏玉米全生育期蒸散估算模型,反映夏玉米逐日作物系数及蒸散量的...     

麦季施用不同尿素的氮排水和渗漏损失

在太湖地区乌栅土的稻麦轮作条件下,利用大型原状土柱渗漏液采集器(monolithlysimeter),比较不同尿素品种和施肥量(普通尿素150、300kg·hm-2和包膜尿素100、150kg·hm-2)处理对麦季土壤氮随径流和渗漏损失的影响。结果表明:施用的包膜尿素当季氮不易随排水流失,但可能增加下季氮流失的风险。两麦季排水溶解氮均以NO-3 N为主,达76.7%以上,NH+4 N比例很小;麦季排水氮输出量年际差异明显,降雨产生排水与施肥时间间隔的不同是造成排水氮输出量差异的关键因素;施肥后20d内发生排水易产生较多的氮排放。渗漏液硝态氮浓度(最高为8.12mg·L-1)均未超过饮用水NO-3 N含量标准,但均已超过水体富营养化标准;对照处理麦季渗漏液量显著高于施肥处理;在150kg·hm-2的施N量水平下,普通尿素或包膜尿素均未显著增加氮的渗漏,但过量施用普通尿素则加大氮渗漏的风险。     

A NEW METHOD FOR SAMPLING SNOW MELT AND RAINFALL IN FORESTS1

ABSTRACT: Monitoring snow melt rates in high elevation, high snowfall forest stands is difficult mechanically and often impossible due to winter inaccessibility. A method for continuous unattended measurements of melt rate is described. With individual lysimeter pans connected to a common collector, any reasonable number of pans can be installed at each site.     

SOIL SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS: EFFECT OF EXTRACTION TIME USING POROUS CERAMIC CUPS UNDER CONSTANT TENSION1

ABSTRACT: Porous ceramic cups under constant tension (0.45 bar) were used to extract solutions from undisturbed soil columns. Solution concentration changed with length of extraction time. Significant relationships were found between extraction time and concentrations of P, Ca, and K in soil solution for two sample depths in an Omega loamy sand soil column. At two extraction time classes and at two sample depths, combined data from 12 soil columns representing two soil series reinforce the relationship. As time to extract a sample increases, the sample probably represents solution held by soil at tensions approaching those applied to the ceramic cup. We recommend that the choice of an extraction tension be given consideration in studies using porous ceramic cups under constant tension for monitoring constituents of soil solution. In addition, care must be taken to attain good physical contact between the cups and the soil material.     

衡量法自校验实验室常用玻璃量器的程序与效果

玻璃量器所标示的容积与其真实容积之间都有误差,将影响检测结果的可靠性。进行自校验既可保证检测结果的可靠又不影响检测工作的正常运作。文章采用衡量法对常用的玻璃量器进行了自校验,容量误差在国家规定的允差之内的才能用于样品检测,保证了检测结果的准确度和精密度。经过自校验,计量认证和实验室认可的未知样测定都能顺利通过,项目的校准曲线经常能做到相关系数R≥0.999 99。     

中国1961-2000年月平均气温空间插值方法与空间分布

利用地理信息系统软件ARC/INFO,在考虑海拔高度对气温影响和没有考虑海拔高度对气温影响的两种情况下,分别运用样条插值法、普通克立格法和逆距离权重法对中国623个气象站1961—2000年40 a的逐月平均气温进行了空间插值,并利用交叉检验方法对插值精度进行了评估,结果表明:考虑了海拔高度影响的3种插值方法的精度都有比较明显的提高,对于普通克立格法,平均绝对误差(MAE)从1.44℃降到0.82℃,均方根误差(RMSE)从2.31℃降到1.28℃;对于逆距离权重法,MAE从1.52℃降到0.88℃,RMSE从2.38℃降到1.34℃;对于样条插值法,MAE从1.54℃降到0.87℃,RMSE从2.49℃降到1.35℃。在6种插值方法中,考虑了海拔高度影响的普通克立格法是最优空间插值方法。     

稻季施用不同尿素品种的氮素径流和淋溶损失

在太湖地区乌栅土上,利用大型原状土柱研究不同尿素品种、施肥量处理在稻季氮素径流和淋溶损失.结果表明,包膜尿素在基施情况下,田面水总氮浓度始终接近对照水平,通过径流损失的可能性很小.尿素处理施肥后2d内田面水氮浓度达最高值,随后急剧下降,施肥与径流产生时间的间隔是决定径流氮排放大小的关键因素,施肥5d后的降雨不易造成大的径流排放,氮径流损失与尿素施用量呈显著正相关.各处理间的氮素淋溶排放无显著差异,在2.66～3.25kgN/hm²之间;淋溶液中NO₃^--N浓度最高为0.83mgN/L,在正常施肥情况下,此类土壤氮的淋溶不会造成地下水NO₃--N的严重污染.