交变电场-铁改性生物质强化城市污泥深度脱水

为了实现城市污泥的深度脱水,采用铁改性生物质作为骨架构建体联合交变电场电渗透技术处理污泥,以单因素实验为基础,探究了该联合技术对污泥脱水性能的影响,并通过表面响应法优化了污泥脱水的工艺参数.将玉米秸秆使用浓度为0.03g/mL的FeCl₃溶改性后与污泥混合,当采用不等占空比为4.33:1的交变电场,电压为17.22V/cm,改性生物质投加量为96.81mg/g DS,改性生物质含水率为61.91%,生物质粒径为1.05mm,阴阳极间距为2.10cm时,可以得到含水率为58.21%的脱水污泥,脱水能耗为0.0148kW·h/kg RW (脱除水分).脱水污泥的扫描电镜表征结果显示,铁改性生物质可以在污泥中起到良好的骨架支撑作用,有利于提高污泥的机械强度和可渗透性;热重分析显示,脱水后污泥的上、下层燃烧过程可划分为析出自由水和束缚水阶段,析出和燃烧挥发分阶段、分解无机盐阶段,添加铁改性生物质的脱水污泥有机质含量更高,燃烧得更快.     

基于叠加-触发原理的铁路危险品运输系统风险场形成机理研究

引入风险场理论研究铁路危险品运输系统风险形成机理，基于系统风险因素识别，建立铁路危险品运输系统风险势函数及对应的风险场强模型，采用触发器原理分析了风险场叠加后的风险形成机理。研究结果表明:内部风险场承受体风险势和风险场强均为代数加和叠加；外部风险场分为单一和多风险源2类，风险势均表现为代数加和叠加，风险场强叠加均满足平行四边形法则。风险状态的变化直接作用于内、外风险场承受体，内部风险场承受体全部或部分崩溃，将导致铁路危险品运输系统失效，其释放的风险场能量将会对外部风险场承受体系统进行攻击，导致外部风险场承受体的部分或整体失效，进而产生风险级联效应。     

The costs of avoiding environmental impacts from shale‐gas surface infrastructure

Growing energy demand has increased the need to manage conflicts between energy production and the environment. As an example, shale‐gas extraction requires substantial surface infrastructure, which fragments habitats, erodes soils, degrades freshwater systems, and displaces rare species. Strategic planning of shale‐gas infrastructure can reduce trade‐offs between economic and environmental objectives, but the specific nature of these trade‐offs is not known. We estimated the cost of avoiding impacts from land‐use change on forests, wetlands, rare species, and streams from shale‐energy development within leaseholds. We created software for optimally siting shale‐gas surface infrastructure to minimize its environmental impacts at reasonable construction cost. We visually assessed sites before infrastructure optimization to test whether such inspection could be used to predict whether impacts could be avoided at the site. On average, up to 38% of aggregate environmental impacts of infrastructure could be avoided for 20% greater development costs by spatially optimizing infrastructure. However, we found trade‐offs between environmental impacts and costs among sites. In visual inspections, we often distinguished between sites that could be developed to avoid impacts at relatively low cost (29%) and those that could not (20%). Reductions in a metric of aggregate environmental impact could be largely attributed to potential displacement of rare species, sedimentation, and forest fragmentation. Planners and regulators can estimate and use heterogeneous trade‐offs among development sites to create industry‐wide improvements in environmental performance and do so at reasonable costs by, for example, leveraging low‐cost avoidance of impacts at some sites to offset others. This could require substantial effort, but the results and software we provide can facilitate the process.     

Transient design of landfill liquid addition systems

This study presents the development of design charts that can be used to estimate lateral and vertical spacing of liquids addition devices (e.g., vertical well, horizontal trenches) and the operating duration needed for transient operating conditions (conditions until steady-state operating conditions are achieved). These design charts should be used in conjunction with steady-state design charts published earlier by Jain et al., 2010a, Jain et al., 2010b. The data suggest that the liquids addition system operating time can be significantly reduced by utilizing moderately closer spacing between liquids addition devices than the spacing needed for steady-state conditions. These design charts can be used by designers to readily estimate achievable flow rate and lateral and vertical extents of the zone of impact from liquid addition devices, and analyze the sensitivity of various input variables (e.g., hydraulic conductivity, anisotropy, well radius, screen length) to the design. The applicability of the design charts, which are developed based on simulations of a continuously operated system, was also evaluated for the design of a system that would be operated intermittently (e.g., systems only operated during facility operating hours). The design charts somewhat underestimates the flow rate achieved and overestimates the lateral extent of the zone of impact over an operating duration for an intermittently operated system. The associated estimation errors would be smaller than the margin of errors associated with measurement of other key design inputs such as waste properties (e.g., hydraulic conductivity) and wider variation of these properties at a given site due to heterogeneous nature of waste.     

适宜太湖蓝藻水华形成的风场辐散特征及其形成机制

对太湖周边17个气象观测站的7年常规观测资料聚类分析发现,在适宜蓝藻水华形成的高温、微风气象条件下,太湖湖面风场往往出现辐散特征,在此辐散风场的驱动下,蓝藻水华迁移过程必然与均匀风场驱动下有所不同;数值模拟结果显示,这种辐散风场是由于非绝热加热不均匀造成的局地次级环流叠加在弱的背景风场之上引起的;其强弱程度是受湖陆温差和背景风速共同决定的,并据此给出了湖面风场辐散强度指数.     

上坝村井水中重金属的污染状况和分布特征分析

调查了上坝村重污染区的上樟组、群樟组和群联组共29个井水中的pH、Eh和重金属.结果表明,上坝村井水的Cu、Pb含量不超标,但Zn、Cd和Mn浓度均值分别是国家生活饮用水卫生标准的1.24倍、1.96倍和10.8倍;Zn、Cd、Mn的浓度和Eh值随着水井离横石河越远而越低,即呈现上樟组群樟组群联组的关系;当Eh小于300mV或上樟组pH值大于5.5、群樟组pH值大于4、群联组pH值介于5.1—5.4时,随着Eh的降低或pH值升高,井水中Zn、Cd、Mn的浓度急剧下降且趋向零.     

不同种植制度对稻田旱作季节CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

通过大田试验研究了稻田旱作季节几种典型种植制度对CH4和N2O排放的影响,包括休闲(fallow)、油菜对照(OR-ck)、小麦对照(W-ck)、油菜施N(OR-N)和小麦施N(W-N)5个处理。试验结果表明,稻田旱作季节N2O排放明显,CH4排放量较低,甚至表现为弱的CH4汇。稻田旱作季节N2O排放除受到N肥和种植制度影响外,还受土壤含水量影响,施N处理显著促进了N2O排放,降雨后N2O排放明显。小麦和油菜施N处理N2O平均排放通量分别为18.51和13.47μg.m-2.h-1,季节累积排放量分别为87.31和59.48 mg.m-2,均显著高于对照和休闲处理。不同作物种类间N2O平均排放通量无显著差异,N2O季节累积排放量则表现为小麦显著高于油菜。各处理综合温室效应(100 a)依次为:OR-NW-NW-ckfallowOR-ck。各施N处理综合温室效应以N2O为主,但各无N处理则以CH4为主,也不容忽视。     

藏北草地生态系统可持续发展能力评价

藏北草地是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地和生态安全屏障。然而,草地退化引发了一系列的生态、经济、环境和社会问题,不仅直接威胁到我国的生态屏障安全和当地的畜牧业生产,而且严重影响着藏北草地生态系统的可持续发展。研究以藏北那曲地区为例,利用复合生态系统场方法,构建了以生态功能、生产功能和生活功能为基础的可持续发展评价指标体系和模型,并通过对1985-2008年那曲地区草地生态系统的发展变化分析,定量评价了草地生态系统的可持续发展能力。评价结果表明,藏北那曲草地生态系统的发展位已超过了系统的最大承载能力,发展势缺乏潜能,协调性较差,可持续发展度很低,草地生态系统处于不可持续的发展状态。     

Prevalence of organochlorine pesticide residues in groundwaters of Kasargod District,India

The Kasargod District is the northernmost district of Kerala State and is bound between the north latitudes 12°02′27″ and 12°47′35″ and east longitudes 74°51′54″ and 75°25′25″. The present study highlights the contamination levels of organochlorine pesticides in open wells of the Kasargod District from 2010 to 2011. Maximum contamination of organochlorine pesticides (OCP's) was observed for endosulfan followed by hexachlorobenzene (BHC). Contamination levels of α-endosulfan were higher at Panathur (58?µg?L^?1) and next to Periya (37?µg?L^?1) in the postmonsoon season of 2010. During premonsoon 2011, the residue levels of α-endosulfan were higher at Panathady (56?µg?L^?1) followed by Rajapuram (40?µg?L^?1). Contamination levels of the BHC isomers exhibit the order of γ-BHC?>?α-BHC?>?β‐BHC, showing that γ-BHC represents 62% of the total OCP residues in premonsoon 2010. Among the studied OCP's, concentration levels of DDT were below detection limit. Maximum concentrations of the sum of all OCP residues were observed at Mulleria and Cheemeni (premonsoon 2010), followed by Panathur and Periya (postmonsoon 2010), and lowest in Panathady and Rajapuram (premonsoon 2011). Residues of OCP's were lowest in Paettikundu and Cheravatur in all the three seasons.     

The metabolism and distribution of [14C‐phenyl]‐ethyl parathion in a tropical soil under field conditions

The persistence, distribution and metabolism of [^l4C‐phenyl]‐ethyl parathion applied to soil columns in an agricultural farm were investigated under tropical field conditions. Volatilization, soil microbial activity, moisture levels and pH were found to influence the persistence, distribution and metabolism of this pesticide in the soil. There was rapid distribution of the pesticide in the soil matrix with time resulting in high levels of bound residues which reduced the overall rate of disappearance of parathion residues from the soil. The soil was slightly acidic but the metabolites, paraoxon, p‐nitrophenol and p‐aminophenol were detected in the soil extracts 7 days after pesticide application. After 72 days, 43.7% of the applied pesticide remained in soil composed of 18.9% extractable and 24.8% bound residues. A mechanism for the metabolism of ethyl parathion in this soil is given.