钻井井喷失控因素分析及预防对策

井喷失控是钻井中的灾难性事故,有必要开展井喷失控研究,找到井喷失控发生的原因和提出防止井喷失控的对策。在统计分析1970年到2009年间中石油发生在钻进过程中的48例井喷失控事故的基础上,通过对防喷器、节流压井管汇、套管、井喷后爆炸起火等井喷失控因素分析,并利用MLS法对上述各种井喷失控因素危险值进行评估。最后,根据井喷失控因素分析和危险值评估结果,结合现有的钻井井控设计,提出了防止钻井井喷失控的对策。     

基于热湿交换理论的巷道风流温、湿度影响因素研究

为了研究巷道风流参数的影响因素、预测风流温湿度的变化规律,结合热湿交换理论,建立了风流与围岩壁面之间热湿交换的数学模型,以及贴体坐标系下围岩内部温度场的导热微分方程;利用数值方法,将围岩内部的导热问题与影响风流参数变化的热湿交换问题耦合起来,并以大柳塔煤矿52505综采工作面为例进行计算,得到了与实测参数较为一致的模拟结果,验证了该数值方法的有效性。研究结果表明:风流温度受原始岩温、入风流温度、局部热源强度等因素的影响,风流相对湿度与入风流温、湿度以及井下湿源的数量和强度有关;巷道壁温作为将围岩温度场与风流参数之间关联起来的主要因素,对模拟结果影响较大,其数值取决于壁面与风流之间热湿交换以及围岩原始岩温。     

含裂隙岩石裂纹扩展与剪切特性的数值研究*

为研究直剪条件下含交叉裂隙岩石的裂纹扩展模式和剪切特性,基于PFC2D研究直剪条件下含裂隙岩石的裂纹扩展模式和剪切特性。研究结果表明:直剪过程可分4个阶段:Ⅰ初始平静阶段、Ⅱ裂纹单一扩展阶段、Ⅲ裂纹复杂扩展阶段、Ⅳ破坏阶段;法向应力越大,Ⅱ,Ⅲ阶段的裂纹扩展程度受到抑制;岩石中含单裂隙时,随裂隙角度α的增加,抗剪强度的变化趋势基本一致,遵循先降后增的规律;含交叉裂隙时,当主裂隙角度α=120°,150°时,抗剪强度随次裂隙角度β的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,抗剪强度最小值均出现在β=30°;加固含裂隙岩体时,预防裂隙或者潜在破坏面两侧的岩体产生位移差,使其加固后成为1个稳固整体,是避免岩体产生裂纹导致破坏的重要手段。     

Sustainable Agriculture: New Paradigms and Old Practices? Increased Production with Management of Organic Inputs in Senegal

Farmers in Sahelian countries are confronted with a variety of soil fertility and management problems. During the last two decades, NGOs have worked with farmers and research institutions to develop and test practices that will increase food production, while at the same time enhance the natural resource base.Since 1987, The Rodale Institute (RI) has worked closely with farmers' associations and government institutions to promote regenerative agriculture-farming systems that prioritize the use of local resources while improving them as they are used to grow food, using agro-ecological methods. The Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute has collaborated in this program as a partner of RI. The Senegal Regenerative Agriculture Resource Center model has been applied as a new and viable approach that builds on traditional knowledge and farmer-to-farmer exchange.Research results on soil conservation and improvement have shown that fields spread with amended animal manure or compost yield greater harvests than fields farmed with traditional methods.     

Relict communities and populations of petrophilous plant species in northern regions of Sverdlovsk oblast and problems in their conservation

An inventory of rock vegetation has been taken in river valleys on the eastern slope of the southern part of the Northern Urals and the northern part of the Middle Urals. New habitats of some rare plant species, relict communities of forest-steppe species at the northern limit of their distribution, and ultrasmall populations of petrophilous species growing in isolation for a long time have been revealed. In studies on a group of similar specially protected areas (e.g., within river valleys), it is proposed to identify key sites distinguished by the highest species richness of vegetation     

Radium geochemistry in Na-Cl type groundwater in Niigata Prefecture, Japan

Radium isotopes in 23 Na-Cl type groundwater sampled mainly from deep wells in Niigata Prefecture, which is the site of the largest oil- and gas-fields in Japan, were measured along with U isotopes, chemical components and hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios to elucidate the distribution and behavior of Ra in a brackish environment underground. Also analyzed were U and Th isotopes in 38 rock samples collected from outcrops at 17 locations. Ra-226 concentrations (8.86-1637 mBq kg⁻¹) of groundwater samples roughly correlated with total dissolved solid (TDS) concentrations and other alkaline earth contents. Their ²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra activity ratios (0.32-5.2) were similar to or higher than the ²³²Th/²³⁸U activity ratios (0.6-1.7) in the rocks. The most likely transport mechanism of Ra isotopes into groundwater was due to their α-recoil from the solid phase, probably from the water-rock interface where Th isotopes had accumulated, and adsorption/desorption reaction based on the increase in ²²⁶Ra contents with TDS.     

钢筋混凝土结构盐冻破坏分析及寿命预测

为评估北方季冻区除冰盐对钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的影响,开展了混凝土试件的盐冻试验,根据试验测得的混凝土相对动弹性模量与质量损失率,分析了钢筋混凝土结构在冻融环境下的损伤情况,得到了盐冻环境下钢筋混凝土盐冻损伤度随冻融循环周期变化的关系式。同时将钢筋混凝土盐冻损伤度引入到氯离子扩散模型(DuraCete模型)中,修正了公式中氯离子扩散系数,使得该公式更适用于冻融环境,最终得到了钢筋混凝土结构的寿命预测公式。修正后的钢筋混凝土结构的寿命预测公式既考虑了冻融和氯离子侵蚀双重作用,又不需要对氯离子扩散系数进行经验取值,使得本预测模型更方便、实用。     

郑州市PM2.5组分、来源及其演变特征

为探究郑州市PM_2.5主要来源以及季节差异特征,本研究于2019年进行PM_2.5周期采样,并分析PM_2.5中的无机水溶性离子、碳组分和元素浓度.结果表明,郑州市2019年采样膜样品的PM_2.5平均浓度为（67.0±37.2）μg·m^-3,冬季浓度最高,夏季最低.PM_2.5中主要组分依次为：硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根、有机物（OM）、地壳物质和元素碳,春秋季节受地壳物质影响较大,夏季主要受硫酸盐影响,冬季有机物与硝酸盐浓度显著增高.二次转化是硫酸盐和硝酸盐的主要来源,夏季受光化学反应贡献显著,冬季受高湿条件下的液相反应影响明显.NO₃^-/SO₄^2-和OC/EC的值表明郑州市PM_2.5受汽车尾气排放、煤炭燃烧以及生物质燃烧影响较大.源解析结果表明,2019年二次源贡献最高（49.8%）,其中在冬季贡献达到56.5%;一次源中,扬尘在春季（15.2%）和秋季（11.4%）占比略高,机动车源在夏季贡献最大（12.3%）,冬季受燃煤源影响较大（13.2%）.2014~2019年郑州市PM_2.5受二次源影响逐年升高;工业源、生物质燃烧源和燃煤源整体呈下降趋势.     

利用废渣盐石膏制作轻型墙体材料

研究利用海盐化工产生的废渣盐石膏经过一定工艺处理,生产轻型墙体材料盐石膏空心条板,该产品与天然石膏空心条板相比,原料采用及生产工艺都有较大改进,生产成本却大幅度下降。经测试,该产品完全可替代天然石膏空心条板,技术性能指标达到了国家规定的相关标准。     

异喹啉季铵盐在盐酸中对A3钢的吸附及其缓蚀作用

采用失重、电化学法研究了异喹啉季铵盐在 1mol/L盐酸溶液中对A3钢的缓蚀行为及吸附规律。实验表明 ,异喹啉季铵盐是一种阴、阳极混合型缓蚀剂 ,其缓蚀性能优良 ,在A3钢表面产生化学吸附 ,吸附过程为放热反应。