川西亚高山/高山典型土壤类型有机碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征

论文通过研究川西亚高山/高山生态系统不同海拔分布典型土壤类型SOC、TN、TP及其生态化学计量学特征,对比《四川土壤》1985年调查成果,评价我国川西亚高山/高山典型土壤恢复状况。测定亚高山草甸土、草甸土、暗棕壤、棕壤、黄棕壤、褐土的腐殖质层、淀积层、母质层土壤SOC、TN、TP含量,计算生态化学计量值。结果表明：土壤SOC含量表现为亚高山草甸土>草甸土>暗棕壤>褐土>黄棕壤>棕壤,TN含量表现为亚高山草甸土>草甸土>暗棕壤>褐土>黄棕壤>棕壤,TP含量表现为暗棕壤>亚高山草甸土>草甸土>棕壤>褐土>黄棕壤;暗棕壤、棕壤基本表现为SOC、TN、TP含量随土层加深递减;依据第二次全国土壤普查分级标准,研究区土壤有机质呈很丰富水平,TN呈丰富水平,TP呈缺乏水平。土壤SOC、TN和TP水平分布从南向北呈先增加后减少。化学计量比特征：土壤碳氮比表现为草甸土>褐土>黄棕壤>亚高山草甸土>暗棕壤>棕壤,土壤碳磷比表现为草甸土>黄棕壤>褐土>暗棕壤>亚高山草甸土>棕壤,土壤氮磷比表现为草甸土>暗棕壤>黄棕壤>褐土>亚高山草甸土>棕壤,TP是主要限制因子。对比1985年调查结果,经过近30 a的恢复,亚高山草甸土、草甸土、黄棕壤、褐土土壤SOC含量呈增加趋势,棕壤SOC含量下降幅度最大,2015年仅为1985年的31.06%;土壤TN变化不大;TP含量呈下降趋势,变化幅度在56.41%~87.85%之间。     

环渤海西部地区表层土壤中的多环芳烃

利用加速溶剂提取和GC-MS分析技术,测定了采自环渤海西部地区302个表层土壤样品中16种多环芳烃的含量.结果表明,区域表土中16种多环芳烃的浓度范围为(546±854)ng·g-1.16种多环芳烃表现出典型的土壤谱分布形式,即三、四环化合物含量较高.高浓度样点多分布在京、津、唐地区,河北省西部包括邯郸西部、邢台西部、石家庄西部、张家口南部,以及山东省的济南和淄博;而浓度低值点-般位于河北省北部包括张家口和承德北部地区以及山东西北部的冲积平原地带.这些分布特征与区域排放源分布相关.低分子量多环芳烃在土壤中的浓度变异幅度小于高分子量组份.     

西昆仑库地基性脉岩地球化学及构造意义

西昆仑北带库地一带广泛发育基性岩墙群(辉绿岩),其化学成分为拉斑质玄武岩系列。岩脉的微量元素与稀土元素具典型的板内溢流玄武岩特征,富集大离子亲石元素、轻稀土,稀土元素总量较高,弱的Eu正异常。Ta、Nb、Hf、Zr无亏损现象,反映岩脉未受到地壳物质的明显混染及经历了弱的结晶分异作用;而Sr、P明显亏损。则反映了亏损的源区性质,但不相容元素的比值表现出EMI特征,推测不相容元素富集是软流圈地幔上涌过程中低程度熔融所致。综合本文的研究及野外地质特征。表明辉绿岩是古塔里木南缘新元古代大陆裂解背景下的产物。     

江西省山地风场风能资源储量及特征分析

论文利用数值模拟GIS空间分析法以及实测与野外勘察调研两种方法规划了江西省山地风能资源的具体分布并定量估算了其储量,此外,还利用山地2座测风塔资料,详细地分析了山地风能资源特性,结果表明:江西省高山地区风能资源呈沿山脉走向的线状分布或孤立山峰的点状分布,技术可开发量约为111×10⁴ kW,技术可开发面积约为136 km²,装机容量约为148×10⁴ kW。山地低层风速和风功率密度较大,随高度的增加略有增大,风切变指数很小,分别为0.017、0.098。山地风场风速和风功率密度日变化明显呈U型分布,正午前后风速最小,凌晨至清晨风速较大,最大风速与最小风速相差1~2 m/s;山地风场有两个接近相反的主导风向,集中在NW-N以及SSW-SSE扇区,对于风机机组布局较为有利。     

Geochemistry of heavy metals in bottom sediments from streams of the western coast of the rio de la plata estuary, Argentina

The fluvial system within the southwestern coastal sector of the Río de la Plata interacts with a very large and efficient mixing basin known as the Río de la Plata estuary. The region is a densely populated and productive sector of Argentina and is characterised by a temperate humid climate. The streams Carnaval, Martín, Del Gato and El Pescado of the study area drain two main geomorphologic units: a higher inner zone and the low lands of the coastal plain. In particular, the Del Gato stream receives heavily polluted discharges from agricultural, urban and industrial point and non-point sources of pollution, while the other streams collect a lower and variable discharge input. As a part of an initial assessment of the role of fluvial bottom sediments in the fate of metals through the stream ecosystems, the spatial distribution of trace and major elements related to particles in the accumulation areas was examined. Concentration of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, Fe and Mn, grain size, mineralogy (clay-X ray diffraction) and organic matter content were analysed in the four streams considering both geomorphologic units at different depositional time. Untreated and iron-normalised trace metal concentrations in the most polluted streams show higher levels in the upper layers of most contaminated sectors and accumulation areas associated to topographic low lands. The coastal plain sector behaves as a regional sink between the upstream area and the estuary.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

中国西部城市化基本特征分析——以新疆为例

本文以新疆为例,探讨了新疆城市化的基本特征和规律,总结经验教训,以朝正确认识西部地区城市化的基本特征,从而为西部大开发中城市化发展战略的制定提供有价值的借鉴和参考。     

中国西部地区可持续能力透视

本文基于目前可持续发展领域的研究成果,对中国区域,尤其是西部地区的可持续能力进行评估,从整体的高度诊断出西部地区可持续发展的制约因素和障碍,并就增强 事的可持续能力提出几点建议,以此为中开发决策奠定了一些理论基础。     

面向生态的西部开发政策环境影响评价

本文在分析西部开发政策体系的基础上,剖析了该战略产生的环境影响的特征,指出了开展政策环境影响评价的必要性和可行性,提出了政策环评所需要的度量指标,以及面向生态的政策环评工作原则和技术程序,探讨了西部开发政策环境影响的控制方法。     

海西城市群PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及健康风险评价

采集2010~2011年海西城市群PM_(2.5)样品,用粒子激发-X射线发射技术(PIXE)方法测试样品中痕量重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As)的浓度,分析痕量重金属的污染特征、富集程度和来源,并进行重金属对人体健康风险的评价.结果表明,PM_(2.5)中重金属总浓度的时空分布特征与PM_(2.5)的不一致,这与PM_(2.5)的某些主要贡献源(如建筑尘和扬尘等)并非痕量重金属的贡献源有关.PM_(2.5)中Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As等重金属的EF值均高于10,呈明显的人为源富集现象.主成分-多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)解析结果显示,PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属主要有3种来源,即燃煤和机动车尾气(70.59%)、混合源(燃煤、燃油和冶炼行业,17.55%)以及其他工业源(11.86%).健康风险评价结果显示,PM_(2.5)中致癌重金属(Ni、Cr、As)的风险值高于非致癌重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn)风险值,但均低于一般可接受风险水平(10-6),说明海西城市群大气环境PM_(2.5)中重金属未对人体健康造成危害.