Wild fruits as a contribution to sustainable rural development: a case study from the Garhwal Himalaya

Garhwal Himalaya is an important source of wild fruit species. These wild fruit trees grow abundantly across an altitudinal gradient of Himalaya and the majority of them bear fruits during summer. Fruit varieties are eaten raw by the local inhabitants of the region and whilst they are a rich source of protein, carbohydrate, fat and other elements, compared to cultivated fruits, they have not yet been considered as a source of alternative food products. About 13 potentially exploitable species of wild fruits and one semi-domesticated species having high potential for exploitation were selected for study; six (Aegle marmelos, Berberis asiatica, Hippophae rhamnoides, Myrica nagi, Rubus ellipticus and Prunus armeniaca) were examined in detail for their economic potential. Among the wild fruits, Hippophae rhamnoides was found to be economically efficient, followed by Aegle marmelos, Rubus ellipticus and Myrica nagi, respectively. Prunus armeniaca, a semi-domesticated and less utilized fruit of the higher Himalaya, provides better economic returns on an annual basis. The authors have recently made an attempt to utilize these wild fruits as a source of income, particularly for poor rural inhabitants and unemployed youths of the region by making a variety of edible products such as jam, jelly, juice, squash, sauce, etc. The enterprise was demonstrated to the people to encourage them to adopt it in the form of a small village-level cottage industry. The present paper discusses the distribution, botany, phenology, yield, ethnobotany, and uses of these species, and the cost-benefit analysis of food products prepared from them.     

Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Practice for Edible Wild Plants: Biodiversity Use by the Rarámuri,in the Sirerra Tarahumara,Mexico

The Rarámuri who live in the Sierra Tarahumara of Chihuahua State, Mexico have developed local knowledge and harvesting strategies for edible wild plants that have the effect of conserving the biodiversity of their forest ecosystem. This paper presents the results of ethnobotanical research undertaken in the community of Basìhuare in the Sierra Tarahumara, to provide details on some practical aspects of the Raráamuri worldview regarding interconnections between people and their environment. This traditional philosophy forms the basis for the use of edible wild plants and the harvesting strategies practiced in Basìhuare, such as selective harvesting, environmental modification and domestication. These activities provide the opportunity for harvesters to monitor the landscape and the plant resources that occur on the land, as well as present a setting for the communication and exchange of traditional ecological knowledge. However, Rarámuri harvesting practices are under stress because of increased external pressures from commercial timber extraction and other development. We discuss the state of traditional ecological knowledge and its transmission in the context of development activities in the region. The key to sustainability in the Sierra Tarahumara may be the maintenance of traditional management practices for edible wild plants, and other nontimber forest products, that lead to the conservation of biodiversity by creating patchiness and renewing the plant cover on the land.     

溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉在甘蓝中的残留及消解行为研究

研究了溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉在甘蓝中残留的仪器检测方法,并在天津、山东和江苏连续开展了2 a溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉在甘蓝中残留状况和消解动态规律研究的田间试验。结果表明,在溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉的添加质量比分别为0.025~0.5 mg/kg和0.025~1 mg/kg的水平下,甘蓝中溴氰菊酯的平均添加回收率为92.19%~102.48%,变异系数为2.98%~9.46%;吡虫啉平均添加回收率为94.58%~100.30%,变异系数为0.85%~4.10%。甘蓝中溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉的最小检出量分别为0.1 ng和0.5 ng,甘蓝中溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉的最低检出质量比均为0.025 mg/kg。田间试验表明,在甘蓝莲座期施用20%溴氰菊酯.吡虫啉悬浮剂1次,溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉在甘蓝中的消解动态符合一级动力学反应模型,溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉在甘蓝中的残留消解半衰期分别为4.4~8.8 d和5.9~8.6 d。按照推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量在甘蓝中施用20%溴氰菊酯.吡虫啉悬浮剂3~4次,2次施药间隔7 d,距最后一次施药10 d时,溴氰菊酯在甘蓝中的最高残留量低于GB2763—2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》规定的溴氰菊酯在甘蓝中的最大残留限量(0.5 mg/kg),以及NY 1500.5.6—2007《农产品中农药最大残留限量》规定的吡虫啉在甘蓝中的最大残留限量(1 mg/kg)。     

云南野菜资源的开发与利用

云南野菜资源约有６００种左右,发展野菜生产前景广阔,但由于目前开发利用的种类少,生产规模小,资源利用率低。合理开发利用野菜资源,进一步开展科学研究,加大开发力度,对发展山区脱贫具有重要意义。     

中国一年生野生大豆群体的遗传多样性研究

选用来自全国各地的一年生野生大豆２００ 余份材料,从形态性状、等位酶标记和细胞器ＤＮＡＲＦＬＰ标记的遗传丰富度和遗传离散度两方面分析了中国野生大豆群体的遗传多样性．结果表明：中国野生大豆天然群体存在着遗传分化,各地理生态群体间的遗传多样性水平不同,南方群体最高,黄淮海群体次之,东北群体最低．南方为一年生野生大豆的遗传多样性中心,也可能是起源中心．     

卧龙自然保护区野生植物资源管理初探

本文初步分析了卧龙自然保护区野生植物资源的特点和存在的问题,提出了野生植物资源利用和保护的生态经济对策。     

野生植物汁液对作物营养效应的研究

采用土培试验与化学分析方法研究了３种野生植物汁液对绿豆和玉米生长的营养效应。结果表明，野生植物汁液提高绿豆植株干重、根系活力、磷含量和叶绿素含量，以Ｃ汁液对植株干重提高量最大，达１６５％～２６０％；Ｂ、Ｃ汁液提高绿豆根系活力２５４％～１１０２％。３种野生植物汁液处理的玉米植株干重差异不明显，但却显著提高根系活力和过氧化氢酶活性。     

西藏色季拉山野生观赏树木资源及其开发利用

西藏色季拉山区野生观赏树木资源丰富，有４０科７５属１９０余种。种类最多的科是蔷薇科、杜鹃花科、忍冬科、虎耳草科和豆科。种类最多的属是杜鹃花属、忍冬属、李属、绣线菊属和子属。其中花木占４７．６％，花果木占２４．６％，果木占１１．０％。花木中白花者占４６．４％。果木中红果者占８０．９％。７５．３％的种类生于森林型生境。７４．４％的花木夏季开花。生于阳生灌丛型生境的种类最易被驯化。黄牡丹、多蕊金丝桃、小叶子、素馨花和巨柏等应首先开发。     

Autotoxic effects of essential oils on photosynthesis in parsley, parsnip, and rough lemon

Summary. Many plant species contain essential oils with allelochemical properties, yet the extent to which these same chemicals can be autotoxic is unclear. In this study, we tested the toxicity of several essential oil components to three species that produce them—Pastinaca sativa and Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), and Citrus jambhiri (Rutaceae). The effects of exogenous application of small amounts of essential oil components to the surface of foliage, followed by a pinprick to allow entry into the leaf, were monitored by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Rapid and spatially extensive declines in photosynthetic capacity were detected within 200 s. The most toxic constituents were monoterpenes. Two sesquiterpenes, caryophyllene and farnesene, and the phenylpropanoid myristicin, by comparison, were not toxic. Autotoxicity of endogenous essential oil was investigated by slicing through containment structures (glands or tubes); significant toxicity, manifested by reduced photosynthetic activity, was observed in all three species but was most pronounced in P. sativa and P. crispum, both of which possess oil tubes.