大豆栽培种和野生种豆类胰岛素的基因分析

以栽培大豆和野生大豆的基因组ＤＮＡ为材料,利用ＰＣＲ技术扩增并克隆了豆类胰岛素基因,分析了两者的ＤＮＡ序列．结果表明,测定的ＤＮＡ序列分别为８４１ｂｐ和９０３ｂｐ,有４个核苷酸差异;在信号肽编码区域内各存在一个内含子,大小分别为３６８和３７０个核苷酸;在ＯＲＦ范围内,与前人报导的ｃＤＮＡ序列分别有１个和２个位点的核苷酸差异,从而导致相应位点的氨基酸发生变化．Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交表明,栽培大豆和野生大豆的豆类胰岛素基因分别以单拷贝和多拷贝形式存在于基因组中     

青岛崂山的野生草本药用花卉及其开发利用

研究了青岛崂山野生草本药用花卉的生物学特征、生态分布、观赏及药用价值 ,讨论了它们的开发利用途径 ,以期为青岛崂山野生草本药用花卉的合理开发和持续利用提供可靠、详实的依据。     

Characteristics of organic acid profiles in 16 species of wild growing edible mushrooms

The aim of study was to determine 9 organic acids in nine aboveground and seven wood-growing wild edible mushroom species originated from an area under the direct influence of a busy trunk road in Poland. The organic acids in the extracts of samples were identified by reversed-phase column liquid chromatography (RPLC). The presented results show that all the mushroom species were characterized by high variation in the profile and content of the analyzed acids. Each of mushroom species contained oxalic acid, the profiles of the other acids strictly depended on mushroom species. Among aboveground species, the highest total content of organic acids was found in Lepista gilva (267.5 ± 26.6 mg g^?1 dry weight (DW)), while Laccaria amethystina was characterized by the lowest content (37.7 ± 6.5 mg g^?1 DW). Within wood-growing species, the highest content of organic acids was determined in Flammulina velutipes (171.9 ± 26.7 mg g^?1 DW), whereas the lowest content (34.2 ± 2.9 mg g^?1 DW) of the studied acids was observed in Grifola frondosa.     

黑岱沟露天煤矿复垦土地野生植物侵入规律及对生态系统的影响

以黄土高原区露天煤矿复垦地为对象,于2005年8月对准格尔旗黑岱沟露天煤矿1992-2005年复垦的364hm2排土场野生植物入侵的种类进行了调查与研究,分析了42个样地上不同野生植物侵入的多度、频度、侵入规律及对生态系统的影响.结果表明:1992-2005年的近15年中,共有115种野生植物自然侵入到排土场内,群落中以1年生植物占优势(＞50%),但多年生植物已比复垦初期(＜5%)增加了很多,在组成上约占总种数的40%～50%,多度高的植物已有多年生植物,且分布于植物群落中.影响复垦植被生长的主要侵入种是披碱草和拂子茅.复垦地野生杂草侵入,表现为①平台侵入种数＞边坡侵入种数,阴坡侵入种数＞阳坡侵入种数;②纯林侵入种数＞混交林侵入种数;③沙棘灌丛侵入种数＞油松侵入种数＞杨树林侵入种数;④黄土覆盖区侵入种数＞土石混排区侵入种数.      

Sea-Cage Aquaculture, Sea Lice, and Declines of Wild Fish

Abstract: A sea cage, sometimes referred to as a net pen, is an enclosure designed to prevent farm fish from escaping and to protect them from large predators, while allowing a free flow of water through the cage to carry away waste. Farm fish thus share water with wild fish, which enables transmission of parasites, such as sea lice, from wild to farm and farm to wild fishes. Sea lice epidemics, together with recently documented population‐level declines of wild salmon in areas of sea‐cage farming, are a reminder that sea‐cage aquaculture is fundamentally different from terrestrial animal culture. The difference is that sea cages protect farm fish from the usual pathogen‐control mechanisms of nature, such as predators, but not from the pathogens themselves. A sea cage thus becomes an unintended pathogen factory. Basic physical theory explains why sea‐cage aquaculture causes sea lice on sympatric wild fish to increase and why increased lice burdens cause wild fish to decline, with extirpation as a real possibility. Theory is important to this issue because slow declines of wild fish can be difficult to detect amid large fluctuations from other causes. The important theoretical concepts are equilibrium, host‐density effect, reservoir‐host effect, and critical stocking level of farmed fish (stocking level at which lice proliferate on farm fish even if wild fish are not present to infect them). I explored these concepts and their implications without mathematics through examples from salmon farming. I also considered whether the lice‐control techniques used by sea‐cage farmers (medication and shortened grow‐out times) are capable of protecting wild fish. Elementary probability showed that (where W is the abundance of wild fish, W* is the prefarm abundance, F is the abundance of farm fish, and is the ratio of lice per farm fish to lice per wild fish). Declines of wild fish can be reduced by short growing cycles for farm fish, medicating farm fish, and keeping farm stocking levels low. Declines can be avoided only by ensuring that wild fish do not share water with farmed fish, either by locating sea cages very far from wild fish or through the use of closed‐containment aquaculture systems. These principles are likely to govern any aquaculture system where cage‐protected farm hosts and sympatric wild hosts have a common parasite with a direct life cycle.     

泰山野生植物资源研究

泰山植物资源丰富,共有野生种子植物１０７科４０１属７６２种。本文按经济用途将泰山的资源植物主要分为１１类,提出了对它们进行合理开发利用的措施     

改善罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区管理的对策探讨

保护区脆弱的干旱荒漠生态系统在受恶劣的自然环境因素影响的同时,也因人为活动的不断加剧,使得野骆驼和其他野生动植物必要的、正常的生存空间受到严重影响和破坏,给保护区管理带来很大难度,针对这种情况,本文在分析保护区存在的主要问题和采取的保护对策,以及取得的主要成果基础上,提出了较为合理的改善管理的建议。     

Ecological impacts of the N-viro biosolids land-application for wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium. Ait) production in Nova Scotia

Land application of biosolids from processed sewage sludge may deteriorate soil, water, and plants. We investigated the impact of the N-Viro biosolids land-application on the quality of the soil water that moved through Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols soil of Nova Scotia (NS) at the Wild Blueberry Research Institute, Debert, NS Canada. In addition, the response of major soilproperties and crop yield was also studied. Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium. Ait) was grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions in 2008 and 2009. Four experimental treatments including (i) NI: N-Viro irrigated, (ii) NR: N-Viro rainfed, (iii) FI: inorganic fertilizer irrigated, and (iv) FR: inorganic fertilizer rainfed (control) were replicated 4 times under randomized complete block design. Soil samples were collected at the end of each year and analyzed for changes in cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), and pH.Soil water samples were collected four times during the study period from the suction cup lysimeters installed within and below crop root zone at 20 and 40 cm depths, respectively. The samples were analyzed for a range of water quality parameters including conductance, hardness, pH, macro- and micronutrients, and the infectious pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) and salmonella. Berries were harvested for fruit yield estimates. Irrigation significantly increased CEC during 2008 and the soil pH decreased from 4.93 (2008) to 4.79 (2009). There were significant influences of irrigation, fertilizer, and their interaction, in some cases, on most of the soil water quality parameters except on the infectious bacteria. No presence of E. coli or salmonella were observed in soil and water samples, reflecting the absence of these bacteria in biosolids used in this experiment. Nutrient concentration in the soil water samples collected from the four treatments were higher in the sequence NI > NR > FI > FR. The irrigation treatment had significant effect on the unripe fruit yield. We conclude that the comparable performance of N-Viro biosolids and the increasing prices of inorganic fertilizers would compel farmers to use economically available N-Viro biosolids that, coupled with the supplemental irrigation, did not deteriorate the studied soil properties, soil water quality, and the wild blueberry yield during this experiment.     

Mercury in certain boletus mushrooms from Poland and Belarus

This paper reports the results of the study of Hg contents of four species of Boletus mushroom (Boletus reticulatus Schaeff. 1763, B. pinophilus Pilát & Dermek 1973, B. impolitus Fr. 1838 and B. luridus Schaeff. 1774) and the surface soils (0–10 cm layer, ～100 g) samples beneath the mushrooms from ten forested areas in Poland and Belarus by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy. The ability of the species to bioconcentrate Hg was calculated (as the BCF) while Hg intakes from consumption of these mushroom species were also estimated. The median Hg content of the caps of the species varied between 0.38 and 4.7 mg kg^?1 dm; in stipes between 0.13 and 2.5 mg kg^?1 dm and in the mean Hg contents of soils varied from 0.020 ± 0.01 mg kg^?1 dm to 0.17 ± 0.10 mg kg^?1 dm which is considered as “background” Hg level. The median Hg content of caps of B. reticulatus and B. pinophilus were up to 4.7 and 3.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively, and they very efficiently bioaccumulate Hg with median BCF values of up to 130 for caps and 58 for stipes. The caps and stipes of these mushrooms if eaten will expose consumer to elevated dose of total Hg estimated at 1.4 mg for caps of Boletus reticulatus from the Kacze ??gi site, which is a nature reserve area. Nevertheless, the occasional consumption of the valued B. reticulatus and B. pinophilus mushrooms maybe safe.     

西昌市13种野生蘑菇中汞含量分析及安全性评价

地球生态系统汞的水平一般非常低,但某些大型真菌对汞的强烈积累则是例外.分析了采集于四川省西昌市未受汞污染地方生长的13种野生蘑菇99个样品子实体中汞的含量,用原子荧光法测定蘑菇和蘑菇采集地土壤中的汞含量.野生蘑菇的汞含量随蘑菇种类的不同而不同,双色牛肝菌积累汞的能力最强,质量比为0.99 mg Hg/(kg·dw),生物富集常数(BCF)达2.01.提出野生蘑菇对汞的积累明显受介质汞水平的影响.分析的汞含量与早期的文献数据报道进行比较,评价了法律规定的人体吸收汞水平和食用蘑菇对人体汞吸收量的贡献,指出人们在消费蘑菇时可能存在的风险和应对措施.