污泥为燃料的微生物燃料电池运行特性研究

实验采用单室无膜悬浮阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了运行特性对污泥为燃料的MFC(SMFC)的影响.研究表明,相对于未搅拌情况,搅拌时SMFC最大输出功率由45.94mW/m2分别增加到124.03mW/m2(1300r/min)和136.5mW/m2(2600 r/min),主要是由于搅拌有利于改善SMFC内物质的传递. 温度对SMFC的产电特性影响较明显,但在一定区间内(如20~25℃;30~40℃;45~50℃)变化不明显,说明产电微生物有一定的温度适应范围,这也可能是在不同温度下产电微生物不同导致.相对于采用未经处理的剩余污泥为燃料,微波处理后的污泥和微波处理过滤后的上清液做燃料时SMFC输出功率迅速增加,这主要是由于污泥中的微生物竞争作用引起.阴极面积的增加有利于降低阴极电势,降低SMFC内阻,从而促进功率密度的增加.     

An extraction-assay system: Evaluation on flavonols in plant resistance to Pb and Cd by supercritical extraction-gas chromatography

In this research, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) showed better extraction effect when compared with Solid- liquid extraction (SLE), Soxhlet extraction (SE) and Ultrasonic extraction (UE), not only in the rate but also the time. The comparison among these three extraction modifiers, including acetone, ethanol and methanol demonstrated that ethanol was preferred to SFE due to its high extraction effect and low toxicology. In addition, parameter of SFE, influence of temperature and pressure were investigated, and the best extraction effect was achieved at the optima conditions, temperature of 40°C and the pressure of 35 MPa. Thus, SFE is a highly effective method for flavonols extraction, requiring minimum energy and producing non-toxic byproduct. SFE-GC system is applied for the evaluation on flavonols that plays a key role in plant resistance to heavy metal, with its content and synthetase gene expression significantly increasing in plant when threatened by heavy metal. Besides, results indicated that flavonols can improve plant resistance to oxidative stress by quenching the redundant ROS in matrix.

Open image in new window

     

潮汐-复合流人工湿地系统优化及对抗生素抗性基因的去除效果

抗生素抗性基因随废水排放传播扩散,对环境生物和民众健康构成严重威胁.针对废水中抗性基因的深度去除值得重点关注.在前期研究中发现潮汐流人工湿地能有效去除废水中多种氮素.本研究通过增加隔板和种植植物等方式进一步优化潮汐流人工湿地系统,并考察了工艺优化对抗性基因去除和脱氮功能微生物的影响机制.结果表明,同时增加隔板和种植植物后的潮汐-复合流人工湿地系统能有效提高抗性基因的去除效率,在增加隔板和种植植物组对7类21种抗性基因去除率最高达到83.82%~100.0%,显著高于单一增加隔板或种植植物组.从湿地基质和植物中的抗性基因绝对丰度对比可以看出,增加隔板能促进湿地基质中抗性基因量积累,而植物对抗性基因吸附也是其去除途径之一.同时,结合氮循环功能基因测序结果显示,湿地系统优化能提高基质中硝化和反硝化功能微生物物种多样性和丰富度,这与优化系统对废水中硝化量、反硝化量和总氮的去除率相对更高结果一致.     

建筑环境中的风能利用研究进展

从分析建筑环境中的风能特点出发,阐述了建筑环境中风能利用的可能性,介绍了建筑环境中风能利用的主要方式为自然通风排气和风力发电。针对风力发电形式,从建筑风环境的模拟、建筑强化和集结风能的性能研究、适宜建筑环境的风力机研究以及建筑环境中的风力发电效益评估四个方面,系统总结了建筑环境中风能利用的研究现状及应用实例。在此基础上,提出了若干有待进一步研究解决的问题,为建筑环境中风能利用技术的推广应用提供参考。     

风向对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用Fluent软件,选用RNG k-ε湍流模型,对长高比为5的街道峡谷(简称街谷)在0°～90°风向下流场和污染物浓度场进行了数值模拟. 结果表明: 0°～75°风向时,街谷内流场呈明显的三维特性,90°风向时,流动表现出中长街谷的二维特点;风向对街谷内壁面污染物浓度的分布有显著影响,90°风向下的街谷壁面浓度最大,其次是45°风向,其余风向下的相对较小,污染物浓度的计算值与风洞试验值在趋势上吻合较好;壁面污染物浓度的分布由街谷内长度方向漩涡、来流冲角产生的进口回流及沿长度方向的流动所决定,壁面浓度的分布差异均可从附近的流场获得解释. 街道峡谷内长度方向的漩涡模拟过强会导致地面附近污染物浓度的计算值偏离试验值.      

分岔隧道火灾火源位置对临界风速影响的数值模拟分析

为探究分岔隧道火灾火源位置对临界风速的影响规律,使用数值模拟方法对火源位于分岔隧道分岔口前和分岔口后的火灾场景下的临界风速进行研究.研究结果表明:火源位于分岔口后的主隧道时,临界风速明显大于火源位于分岔口前的临界风速;在一定范围热释放速率下,分岔隧道临界风速与热释放速率的1/3次方成正比;在分岔隧道模型中,相同热释放速...     

Performance of Firefighters’ Protective Clothing After Heat Exposure

Heat and mechanical protection properties of 6 fabric combinations commonly used in firefighters’ protective clothing were assessed before and after different heat treatment. It was shown that after heat exposure, the values obtained were generally lower than in the original state. The mechanical properties of the materials were more affected by heat than by heat protective properties. In 2 cases, degradation started before a visible change in the material could be observed, which might be potentially dangerous for the end user who will not realize the alteration of the material.     

Investigation of Blended Fibre Filtering Materials

Five variants of mixtures of different synthetic fibres at different area ratios were manufactured into needled nonwovens intended to be used as a filtering material for respiratory protection. Two variants were produced according to an earlier patent, and the contents of the other three was completely new. Samples of the nonwovens were tested for sodium chloride particles penetration and for breathing resistance. The results showed that one variant of a nonwoven, designated PP/PPFM, had very valuable filtering properties and that those properties were stable in time.     

新疆“三十里风区”输电线路复合绝缘子故障分析

复合绝缘子是超高压输电线路中的关键设备之一,确保其可靠运行是维护电网安全的前提。新疆乌鲁木齐至吐鲁番750kV输电线路途径"三十里风区",当地10米高度处最高设计风速为42m/s,这对复合绝缘子的长期运行是一个巨大挑战。强风下的绝缘子伞裙摆动导致其根部材料疲劳,进一步产生微观裂纹,最终导致绝缘子撕裂故障。本文通过气候环境调研,分析了当地气候环境特征;通过故障分析,初步探明乐儿复合绝缘子伞裙撕裂过程;通过风洞实验研究,得到了伞裙在流体中的动态现象。通过以上分析,对于这项特殊微气候环境下的外绝缘典型故障,本研究探明强风下伞裙动态过程,并在伞裙故障产生原因方面进行一定探索,为最终解决该问题提供了有力的技术参考。     

风电行业安全生产风险特征与对策

系统检索了2000至2012年年底风电行业事故情况,从事故总数、死亡人数及事故类型展开分析。结果表明,风电行业风险具有自身特征,事故一直呈现上升趋势,其中叶片损坏、火灾、结构毁损、抛冰、交通运输、环境破坏等事故比较突出,对从业人员和公众构成威胁。我国风电行业正处于快速扩张期,内在风险较高,需引起行业主管部门和企业的高度重视,开展全产业链系统安全研究和管理手段创建,开发本质安全型工艺和设备,强化施工及运营安全管理。分析结果对指导风电行业安全管理决策和提升企业安全管理水平具有现实意义。