Fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale restaurant food waste treatment plant: Implications of the roles beyond heavy metals and mobile genetic elements

Is our food safe and free of the crisis of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance(AR)?And will the derived food waste(FW) impose AR risk to the environment after biological treatment? This study used restaurant FW leachates flowing through a 200 tons-waste/day biological treatment plant as a window to investigate the fate of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs) during the acceptance and treatment of FW. Sulfonamides(sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole) and quinolones(ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin) were detected during FW treatment, while tetracyclines, macrolides and chloramphenicols were not observable. ARGs encoding resistance to sulfonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides emerged in FW leachates.Material flow analysis illustrated that the total amount of antibiotics(except sulfamethazine) and ARGs were constant during FW treatment processes. Both the concentration and total amount of most antibiotics and ARGs fluctuated during treatment, physical processes(screening, centrifugation, solid–liquid and oil–water separation) did not decrease antibiotic or ARGs concentrations or total levels permanently; the affiliated wastewater treatment plant appeared to remove sulfonamides and most ARGs concentrations and total amount. Heavy metals Ni,Co and Cu were important for disseminating antibiotics concentrations and MGEs for distributing ARGs concentrations. Humic substances(fulvic acids, hydrophilic fractions), C-associated and N-associated contents were essential for the distribution of the total amounts of antibiotics and ARGs. Overall, this study implied that human food might not be free of antibiotics and ARGs, and FW was an underestimated AR pool with various determinants. Nonetheless, derived hazards of FW could be mitigated through biological treatment with well-planned daily operations.     

混凝沉淀-UF工艺去除二级出水中ARGs效能研究

为了研究混凝沉淀-UF工艺对城市污水处理厂二级出水中ARGs（抗生素抗性基因）去除的影响,以PACl（聚合氯化铝）和PFS（聚合硫酸铁）作为混凝剂,采用qPCR（实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应）和EEM（三维荧光光谱）等分析混凝沉淀-UF工艺对ARGs的削减及其影响因素.结果表明:① PACl、PFS投加量（分别以Al、Fe计,下同）分别为0.85、0.50 mmol/L时,与直接UF工艺相比,混凝沉淀-UF工艺对水中各类ARGs的去除量高2~3个数量级,其中PACl-UF工艺的效果更好,去除量为2.51~3.52个数量级;对水中DOC（溶解性有机碳）、富里酸类及溶解性微生物代谢产物的去除效果更好,DOC去除率由18%升至36%.②直接UF、PACl-UF、PFS-UF 3种工艺膜进、出水的线性拟合结果显示,ARGs浓度与ρ（DOC）、16S rDNA浓度均呈显著正相关.研究显示,混凝沉淀-UF工艺可以有效去除二级出水中的ARGs,且有机物、16S rDNA的去除有助于ARGs的削减.      

Purification, characterization and application of dual coagulants containing chitosan and different Al species in coagulation and ultrafiltration process

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different Al species and chitosan (CS) dosages on coagulation performance, floc characteristics (floc sizes, strength and regrowth ability and fractal dimension) and membrane resistance in a coagulation–ultrafiltration hybrid process. Results showed that different Al species combined with humic acid in diverse ways. Al_a had better removal efficiency, as determined by UV₂₅₄ and dissolved organic carbon, which could be further improved by the addition of CS. In addition, the optimal dosage of different Al species was determined to be 4.0 mg/L with the CS concentration of 1.0 mg/L, by orthogonal coagulation experiments. Combining Al_a/Al_b/Al_c with CS resulted in larger flocs, higher recovery, and higher fractal dimension values corresponding to denser flocs; in particular, the floc size at the steady state stage was four times larger than that obtained with Al species coagulants alone. The results of ultrafiltration experiments indicated that the external fouling percentage was significantly higher than that of internal fouling, at around 85% and 15%, respectively. In addition, the total membrane resistance was significantly decreased due to CS addition.     

风机噪声环境影响预测研究

风能为可再生能源,中国风力资源丰富,风电行业发展迅速.此过程中,风机运转噪声对周围环境的影响不容忽视,距离风机机位较近的地区不利于生活及工作.风机噪声问题已成为风电场选址的制约因素之一,合理预测噪声值及其影响范围显得尤为必要.经研究,《环境影响评价技术导则声环境》中的点声源距离衰减计算公式并不完全适用于风机噪声值预测.根据风机结构及其噪声随距离传播的特点,对导则中的公式加以修正,引入了点声源起始位置计算的公式,提出了关于风机噪声预测的建议,为风机噪声预测及评价提供参考.     

梅花鹿养殖场抗生素抗性基因分布特征

梅花鹿养殖是近年来我国南方地区出现的新兴养殖业.为探究梅花鹿养殖对养殖环境抗生素抗性基因的影响,采用高通量荧光定量PCR研究了抗生素抗性基因在养殖场区对照土壤、梅花鹿新鲜粪便、梅花鹿粪便堆肥产物和施用堆肥菜地土壤中的分布、丰度和多样性.结果表明,抗性基因的绝对丰度梅花鹿粪便堆肥产物梅花鹿新鲜粪便施用堆肥菜地土壤养殖场区对照土壤,抗生素抗性基因在4种环境样品中具有不同分布格局;梅花鹿养殖场环境中抗性基因丰度与可移动基因元件丰度显著相关(P0.05),表明可移动基因元件可能加快了抗性基因的水平转移过程,促进了抗性基因的迁移、传播和富集,加剧了养殖环境抗生素抗性基因污染.     

海洋大气环境中含稀土耐候钢暴露1年的耐蚀性能研究

目的研究普通耐候钢和含稀土耐候钢(Cu-P-RE钢)的耐蚀性能。方法通过腐蚀速率测试、电子探针、金相制作等技术手段探讨稀土对耐候钢耐蚀性能的影响。结果在耐候钢中加入稀土后,含稀土耐候钢比普通耐候钢的锈层更加连续致密、裂纹孔洞数量减少。结论含稀土锈层对腐蚀介质的物理阻挡作用相应改善,可有效抑制腐蚀介质对钢基体的进一步腐蚀,对基体的保护能力增强。稀土元素的存在有利于降低耐候钢在青岛海洋大气环境下的腐蚀速率,改善耐候钢的耐大气腐蚀性能。     

适用于DOT4制动液环境丙烯酸氨基烤漆的制备与性能研究

目的提高丙烯酸氨基烤漆的耐DOT4制动液性能,并保留其良好的耐冲击性能。方法通过制备高酸价的丙烯酸树脂并与一定量的高分子量的环氧树脂(E20)共混改性后,与氨基树脂混合加热固化制备涂层,分别采用DOT4制动液高温浸泡法、划格法和冲击试验测涂层的耐制动液、附着力和耐冲击性能。结果成功制备了酸价为60 mg KOH/g与固含量为60%高酸价丙烯酸树脂。当高酸价丙烯酸树脂以质量比为3:1的比例与氨基树脂混合并加入4%的E20时制备的涂层具有优异的综合性能,涂层的附着力为0级,耐冲击性能为50 kg·cm,在100℃的DOT4制动液中浸泡7 h后,涂层不脱落,不起泡。结论该方法适用于提高丙烯酸氨基烤漆的耐DOT4制动液性能。     

磺胺抗性消长与堆肥进程的交互特征

基于添加和不添加磺胺药[m(磺胺二甲嘧啶SM2)∶m(磺胺-6-甲氧嘧啶SMM)=1∶1]的好氧堆肥试验,分析堆肥过程中鸡粪理化性质、微生物群落代谢特征、磺胺抗生素以及5种抗性基因变化,探明磺胺抗性消长与堆肥过程的交互特征.结果表明,磺胺药添加抑制了堆肥基础呼吸,延长了堆体达到高温的时间,减缓了养分转化速度,显著影响堆肥中期微生物群落结构特征.鸡粪中SMM和SM2在堆肥14 d内即可完全降解,且SMM降解速率高于SM2.随堆肥进行,sul1和sul2呈先下降后轻微回升的趋势,磺胺药添加对sul1和Int I1丰度无明显提高作用,但可促进sul2扩散.堆肥过程中,tet Q和tet W变化与磺胺抗性基因不同,但磺胺药添加亦增加tet Q和tet W相对丰度.冗余分析结果显示,温度与sul1、sul2和Int I1明显负相关,与tet Q和tet W无明显相关性;5种抗性基因相对丰度均与碳氮比和硝态氮含量负相关,与p H、含水率和铵态氮含量正相关.     

城市道路行道树树池裸地扬尘排放特征

本研究以北京市西城区为例,研究城市道路行道树树池裸地(以下简称树池裸地)扬尘排放特征.利用GIS技术获取西城区分道路类型里程空间分布,对展览路街道树池裸地进行全口径调查,得到西城区道路树池裸地活动水平,采用便携式风洞(PI-SWERL)实测各种道路树池裸地扬尘PM2.5排放因子,估算西城区2016年树池裸地扬尘排放清单.结果表明:(1)快速路辅路、主干路、次干路和街坊路单位面积树池裸地扬尘PM2.5年排放因子分别为47.9、7.9、14.9和29.9 g·(m2·a)-1,2016年降水过程对树池裸地PM2.5排放因子的削减率为30.3%;(2)快速路辅路、主干路、次干路、支路和街坊路单位里程树池裸地扬尘PM2.5年排放因子分别为2.57、2.33、4.04、7.31和5.44 kg·(km·a)-1,支路是街坊路、次干路、快速路辅路和主干路的1.3、1.8、2.8和3.1倍,以次干路为例,冬季排放因子分别是春夏秋季的1.3、7.3和8.7倍;(3)北京市西城区树池裸地全年PM2.5排放量为1.60 t·a-1,排放清单的不确定性范围为-143%~184%,冬季排放量为0.68 t·a-1,分别是春夏秋季的1.1、4.2和5.1倍,快速路辅路、主干路、次干路、支路和街坊路占总排放量的5.6%、8.7%、23.2%、4.1%和58.4%.建议尽快对全市树池裸地采取不影响树木生长的覆盖措施,减少风蚀扬尘排放.     

基于三维成像技术的污泥菌群中抗生素抗性基因转移动态特征研究

应用活细胞三维成像技术,实时和原位观测了活性污泥菌群中抗生素抗性基因转移动态特征.微流控芯片是一种细菌生长的良好载体,活细胞成像系统低光毒性不损伤细菌活性,两者结合能有效实现基因转移的长时间原位观测,能够区分抗性基因的水平转移和垂直转移.结果表明:垂直转移是污泥菌群中抗性基因的主要转移方式,菌群纵向转移速率与其厚度有关,菌群内部转移率较高,基因转移速率为0.24～0.29 h~(-1).