不同利用方式对草甸草原抗风蚀能力的影响

为了解不同利用方式对呼伦贝尔草甸草原抗风蚀能力的影响,采用植被凋查结合风洞实验的方法对不同利用方式条件下的草甸草原植被变化和草甸草原原状土的抗风蚀能力进行了研究.结果表明,草甸草原不同利用强度条件下临界风蚀风速(v)随植被盖度(Cover)的变化基本服从二次幂函数关系.随着利用强度的增加,植被盖度降低,在同样风速条件下(大于临界风蚀风速),风蚀率迅速增加.较轻的利用强度下,当植被盖度保持在63%时,在风速为25 m/s条件下风蚀率也很小,而当植被盖度<35%时,在风速为20～25 m/s条件下,风蚀率随植被盖度的下降迅速上升.草甸草原区的免耕农田由于完全失去植被的保护,每分钟狂风(25 m/s)造成的土壤风蚀量达到682.1 kg/hm2,接近1 a的土壤平均生成量(1 000 kg/hm2).     

Identification and characterization of integron mediated antibiotic resistance in pentachlorophenol degrading bacterium isolated from the chemostat

A bacterial consortium was developed by continuous enrichment of microbial population isolated from sediment core of pulp and paper mill e uent in mineral salts medium (MSM) supplemented with pentachlorophenol (PCP) as sole source of carbon and energy in the chemostat. The consortia contained three bacterial strains. They were identified as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Acinetobacter sp. readily degraded PCP through the formation of tetrachloro-phydroquinone (TecH), 2-chloro-1,4-benzenediol and products of ortho ring cleavage detected by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Out of the three acclimated PCP degrading bacterial strains only one strain, Acinetobacter sp. showed the presence of integron gene cassette as a marker of its stability and antibiotic resistance. The strain possessed a 4.17 kb amplicon with 22 ORF’s. The plasmid isolated from the Acinetobacter sp. was subjected to shotgun cloning through restriction digestion by BamHI, HindIII and SalI, ligated to pUC19 vector and transformed into E. coli XLBlue1 , and finally selected on MSM containing PCP as sole source of carbon and energy with ampicillin as antibiotic marker. DNA sequence analysis of recombinant clones indicated homology with integron gene cassette and multiple antibiotic resistance genes.     

降雨径流污染风险等级识别与优化方法

径流污染控制是当前城市水环境保护的难题,识别径流污染物入河风险是提高污染控制效率的关键.将景观格局与过程相结合,借助景观指数和最小阻力模型,提出了降雨径流污染风险识别和治理方法.计算得到研究区主要河段的降雨径流污染格局、过程和综合风险指数;并计算出以耕地、城镇建设用地和交通工矿用地为"源"产生的风险路径分别为256、1...     

氯化铵镀镉与无氰镀镉-钛镀层性能对比研究

对超高强度钢的氯化铵镀镉与无氰镀镉-钛两种防护镀层进行了对比研究。采用SEM分析了镀层微观形貌,用中性盐雾、天然海水浸泡和周期浸润试验评价镀层耐腐蚀性能,通过持久拉伸氢脆试验评价两种工艺的氢脆倾向,并探讨了两种工艺低氢脆机理。研究结果表明,无氰镀镉-钛镀层耐腐蚀性能和低氢脆性能都优于氯化铵镀镉镀层。     

Zn-Al和Al-RE热喷涂涂层的耐蚀性研究

使用高速电弧喷涂技术在Q235钢表面制备了Zn-Al和Al-RE涂层。分别研究了Zn-Al和Al-RE两种涂层在铜加速醋酸盐雾实验中的耐蚀性能。通过扫描电子显微镜分析了Zn-Al和Al-RE涂层腐蚀前后的微观组织形貌,结果表明Zn-Al涂层的耐蚀性能优于Al-RE涂层。     

Enhancing sensitivity of microbial fuel cell sensors for low concentration biodegradable organic matter detection: Regulation of substrate concentration, anode area and external resistance

The relatively low sensitivity is an important reason for restricting the microbial fuel cell (MFC) sensors’ application in low concentration biodegradable organic matter (BOM) detection. The startup parameters, including substrate concentration, anode area and external resistance, were regulated to enhance the sensitivity of MFC sensors. The results demonstrated that both the substrate concentration and anode area were positively correlated with the sensitivity of MFC sensors, and an external resistance of 210 Ω was found to be optimal in terms of sensitivity of MFC sensors. Optimized MFC sensors had lower detection limit (1 mg/L) and higher sensitivity (Slope value of the linear regression curve was 1.02), which effectively overcome the limitation of low concentration BOM detection. The essential reason is that optimized MFC sensors had higher coulombic efficiency, which was beneficial to improve the sensitivity of MFC sensors. The main impact of the substrate concentration and anode area was to regulate the proportion between electrogens and nonelectrogens, biomass and living cells of the anode biofilm. The external resistance mainly affected the morphology structure and the proportion of living cells of the anode. This study demonstrated an effective way to improve the sensitivity of MFC sensors for low concentration BOM detection.     

成都市2015—2019年臭氧浓度夜间变化及成因分析

利用2015—2019年成都市每日逐时地面O₃监测资料和同期气象数据,通过模拟和计算区域水平、铅直流场和大气静力稳定度支配参数(R_i),对成都市夜间O₃浓度第二峰值的反常现象进行统计分析和原因追踪。研究结果表明:成都市2015—2019年夜间O₃浓度第二峰值出现频率为17%,造成O₃浓度夜间反常现象的原因是雅安市山风将高空O₃输送至地面,而后平流至成都市,或本地高空湍流破坏夜间稳定层,将上层残留层储存的白天高浓度O₃送至近地面,加之夜晚绝大部分污染源停止排放,消耗O₃的物质大幅减少,造成地面O₃浓度的夜间反常变化。引起高空湍流的方式有2种:一是风向切变,且至少切变45°,风向切变角度越大,湍流强度越大,引起残留层向下增长的幅度越大;二是风速切变,且切变层风速要大于上、下层风速2 m/s,切变风速越大,湍流强度就越大,残留层向下增长的幅度就越大,低空急流是风速切变的极端表现。     

Conditioning of sewage sludge by Fenton's reagent combined with skeleton builders

Physical conditioners, often known as skeleton builders, are commonly used to improve the dewaterability of sewage sludge. This study evaluated a novel joint usage of Fenton’s reagent and skeleton builders, referred to as the F-S inorganic composite conditioner, focusing on their efficacies and the optimization of the major operational parameters. The results demonstrate that the F-S composite conditioner for conditioning sewage sludge is a viable alternative to conventional organic polymers, especially when ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime are used as the skeleton builders. Experimental investigations confirmed that Fenton reaction required sufficient time (80 min in this study) to degrade organics in the sludge. The optimal condition of this process was at pH = 5, Fe²⁺ = 40 mg g⁻¹ (dry solids), H₂O₂ = 32 mg g⁻¹, OPC = 300 mg g⁻¹ and lime = 400 mg g⁻¹, in which the specific resistance to filtration reduction efficiency of 95% was achieved.     

An improved model for heavy gas dispersion using time-varying wind data: Mathematical basis,physical assumptions,and case studies

This study developed an improved model for the dispersion of released toxic gases, SLABi, based on the widely used model SLAB. Two major improvements enhanced the model's ability to represent observations. First, SLAB was upgraded to account for temporal variation in wind vectors. Thus, real-time changes in meteorological conditions can be considered in dispersion forecasting. Second, a source term module was developed and embedded in SLABi to standardize the procedure of emission calculation. Both the standard SLAB model and the SLABi model were applied to a case study to evaluate the impact of time-varying winds on the dispersion of released gases. The results showed that meteorology has a significant influence on the dispersion of released gases. The SLABi model can provide decision makers with timely and accurate guidance, so as to minimize hazards to people and the environment.     

Evaluating Experience with Renewables Portfolio Standards in the United States

Increased use of renewable energy is one of several promising methods for reducing emissions of local, regional, and global air pollutants, including greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil-fuel based electricity production. Among the available options for encouraging renewable electricity generation, the renewables portfolio standard (RPS) has become especially popular in recent years. The RPS is a newly established policy mechanism, however, and experience with its use has not been widely documented and evaluated. This paper describes and evaluates the design, impacts, and early experience of 13 U.S. state RPS policies. These 13 policies share a common goal of encouraging renewable energy supply, but each specific RPS is designed differently. Our evaluation shows both successes and failures with this policy mechanism; some state RPS policies are positively impacting renewable energy development, while others have been poorly designed and will do little to advance renewable energy markets.We emphasize the importance of policy design details, and specifically highlight critical design pitfalls that have been commonly experienced. Though experience with the RPS is still limited, we have now gained some knowledge of the conditions and design features necessary to make an RPS policy work. An important objective of this article is therefore to identify and describe broad policy design principles and specific best practice design elements that might be used to guide the design of future renewables portfolio standards.