Forest Roads as Partial Barriers to Terrestrial Salamander Movement

Abstract:  Roads can fragment animal populations by disrupting movement among formerly continuous habitats. Although models have demonstrated that disrupted movement can contribute to long-term extinction, there are few empirical data on the effects of roads on animal movement. We used displacement and homing experiments to determine whether forest roads are barriers to the movement of terrestrial salamanders. We displaced 1471 red-backed salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus ) across five forest roads and compared return rates to those of salamanders displaced equal distances toward the forest interior. Roads significantly reduced the return rate of salamanders, with a mean reduction of 51%. Steep roadside verges further reduced return rates, particularly for salamanders moving downhill across verges. The permeability of roads to salamander movement did not appear to be related to road surface type. Gravel roads had both the highest and lowest observed permeability with the two paved roads intermediate between these. We conclude that narrow forest roads are partial barriers to salamander movement and that steep roadside verges may exacerbate these effects.     

The Modelling of Turbulence from Traffic in Urban Dispersion Models — Part I: Theoretical Considerations

The modelling of pollutant dispersion at the street scale in an urban environment requires the knowledge of turbulence generated by the traffic motion in streets. In this paper, a theoretical framework to estimate mechanical turbulence induced by traffic in street canyons at low wind speed conditions is established. The standard deviation of the velocity fluctuations is adopted as a measure of traffic-produced turbulence (TPT). Based on the balance between turbulent kinetic energy production and dissipation, three different parameterisations for TPT suitable for different traffic flow conditions are derived and discussed. These formulae rely on the calculations of constants that need to be estimated on the basis of experimental data. One such estimate has been made with the help of a wind tunnel data set corresponding to intermediate traffic densities, which is the most common regime, with interacting vehicle wakes.     

Wind tunnel attraction of grapevine moth females, Lobesia Botrana, to natural and artificial grape odour

Summary. Host plant volatiles which attract insect herbivores for egg-laying are of principal interest with respect to insect ecology and evolution. Direct applications concern population monitoring and control through behavioural manipulation. Identification of behaviourally active plant secondary metabolites is essential also for plant breeding for insect resistance. Grapevine moth females Lobesia botrana are attracted by upwind flight to green grape berries Vitis vinifera. The headspace of grape berries was collected on air filters. A solvent extract of these filters, released from a sprayer, attracted females in the wind tunnel. The results demonstrate that volatile cues mediate attraction of grapevine moth females to grape berries, and that headspace collections capture the essence of this odour signal. The air filter extracts were examined by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection, and the compounds eliciting a consistent antennal response in L. botrana females were identified by mass spectrometry. The headspace collection apparatus was calibrated for collection efficiency of the active compounds. Their recovery rate ranged from 35 % for methyl salicylate to 83 % for (E,E)-α-farnesene. A synthetic ten-component blend was then formulated. The blend consisted of compounds eliciting an antennal response, formulated in a blend ratio corrected for differences in collection efficiency. Subsequent wind tunnel tests showed that female attraction to this synthetic ten-component blend was not significantly different from attraction to grape berries, or to headspace collections of the same berries. At a release rate of 35 ng/h of the most abundant compound (E)-β-caryophyllene, 20 % of the test females approached the source of sprayed headspace collections and the ten-component synthetic blend, respectively. In comparison, 100 g of green berries, releasing the main compound (E)-β-caryophyllene at a rate of ca. 4.7 ng/h, attracted 10 % of the females by upwind flight followed by source contact.     

周期性风温下矿井巷道围岩换热教学实验装置研制*

为开展矿井热害防治的实验教学,设计并搭建周期性风温作用下巷道非均质围岩换热实验装置,能直观展示高温围岩各岩层的温度变化。利用实验数据可计算出巷道壁面热流密度,进而定量估算巷道围岩的散热量。结果表明:周期性风温通过后,模拟巷道围岩体各处温度随时间也呈简谐波变化;对于非均质的围岩体,导热系数越大的岩层,周期性风温的调热能力越强;巷道壁面处的热流密度也呈周期性变化,但围岩体总体表现为散热,且散热量随时间快速减小,并最终稳定在1.3×104 kJ/m2。     

单面受火的方中空夹层钢管混凝土短柱耐火极限

为研究单面受火的方中空夹层钢管混凝土短柱耐火极限,在合理选择材料本构关系和边界条件的基础上,利用ABAQUS软件建立了高温下方中空夹层钢管混凝土短柱温度场和力学场分析模型,通过与试验数据对比验证,结果吻合良好。基于此模型,对不同的混凝土强度、钢管强度、内钢管厚度、空心率、荷载比进行耐火极限参数分析,并定量给出计算此类构件耐火极限的简化公式。研究结果表明:荷载比是构件耐火极限的主要影响参数。荷载比越大,构件的耐火极限越小。     

渭河杨凌段水系中头孢曲松耐药菌和耐药基因

调研了杨凌抗生素使用和过期抗生素处理情况,研究了渭河杨凌段及其在杨凌境内主要支流中耐药菌（主要为耐头孢曲松细菌）及常见耐药基因的分布特征.杨凌区β-内酰胺类药物占抗生素总用量的55.0%,64.0%的过期抗生素被合理处理;水样中耐头孢曲松细菌平均浓度均大于500CFU/mL,分离到5种气单胞菌（n=44）和1株大肠杆菌;45株（100.0%）菌全部耐受氨苄西林,阿莫西林/克拉维酸和头孢曲松,多重耐药率为95.6%;水样总DNA中ampC,sul1,sul2,sul3,tetB,tetC,tetM,aadA,cmlA,catA,bla_TEM,bla_NDM,aph（2’）-Id和aac（6’）-Ib检出率均为100.0%,15株耐头孢曲松代表菌中ampC与bla_TEM检出率均为100.0%.渭河杨凌段及其主要支流中多重耐药细菌检出率较高,耐药基因多样化.研究可为杨凌区水体中耐药菌污染治理提供参考.     

北京市土壤风蚀扬尘排放因子本地化

土壤风蚀扬尘源是细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的来源之一,对比国内典型省市扬尘源排放清单,发现土壤风蚀扬尘源对本地扬尘源PM_(2.5)排放清单的贡献率最大差别为4个数量级.本研究改进一种土壤风蚀扬尘排放因子公式及参数值确定方法,利用遥感影像、中国土壤数据集和各区气象数据,分别获得北京市平原区植被覆盖因子(V)、土壤风蚀指数(I)和气候因子(C)空间分布,并估算土壤风蚀扬尘PM_(2.5)排放因子空间分布.结果表明:①以北京市2017年为例,发现国内学者计算的C值都存在不同程度低估,PM_(2.5)排放因子存在高估或低估;②V、I和C值都具有明显空间差异,V、I和C值平均值分别为0.63±0.09、 188±73和0.029±0.009,各区V、I和C值的最大值分别是最小值的1.5、 2.1和4.5倍;③北京市土壤风蚀扬尘PM_(2.5)排放因子呈现西北和东南方向较高的空间分布,全市平均排放因子为(0.001 8±0.000 8) t·(hm~2·a)~(-1),是最高区(西城)和最低区(平谷)数值的0.54和3.12倍,较高强度(0.6～0.8]和高强度(0.8～1.0]的标准化排放因子面积占比分别为0.72%和0.04%.     

Fe2O3添加对钛基SCR催化剂表面硫酸氢铵分解行为的影响规律

采用共沉淀法合成了TiO_2及TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体,并对硫酸氢铵与上述载体之间的相互作用及硫酸氢铵的具体分解行为进行了研究.结果表明,催化剂载体表面含硫官能团主要以双齿硫酸盐的形式存在,含氮官能团以铵根离子的形式存在.当硫酸氢铵沉积于催化剂载体表面时,由于硫酸根离子具有较强的电负性,Ti原子及Fe原子处于电子缺失状态.对于TiO_2载体,硫酸根离子主要与Ti原子相连;而对于TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体,Ti原子及Fe原子均为硫酸根离子主要的附着位点.采用热分析方法及原位红外对硫酸氢铵在TiO_2及TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体表面的分解行为进行了研究,发现铁氧化物的添加显著促进了硫酸氢铵在低温区间内的分解行为;与铵根离子相比,硫酸根离子具有更高的热稳定性.催化剂稳定性测试结果表明,铁氧化物的添加显著提高了低温抗硫抗水性能,为实现低温SCR技术的工业应用提供了理论基础.     

土工离心机风阻计算方法的对比研究

目的评估不同土工离心机风阻功率估算方法的效果和优缺点,为工程应用及未来研究发展方向提出建议。方法重点以土工离心机为例,总结几种有代表性的计算方法,系统分析不同方法之间的共性和差异。通过一个算例,同时结合以往离心机的设计经验,对各种方法的效果进行对比。结果法国方法、美国方法、中国工程物理研究院方法和CFD仿真方法在精度上依次增大,但复杂性依次升高,后两种方法不需借助试验来确定参数。结论对于中低速土工离心机,中国工程物理研究院方法具有较大的优势。随着土工离心机向着高速、大规模方向发展,经典解析方法的适用性尚未得到充分验证,基于CFD的高置信度仿真是一种较好的解决方案。     

船体钢海水腐蚀研究进展

介绍了船体钢在海水中的腐蚀行为,总结了影响船体钢耐蚀性的因素及其改善耐蚀性的方法,总结了船体钢耐海水腐蚀性能研究、测试的试验方法,分析了试验方法对评价船体钢耐蚀性的适用性,指出了当前船体钢耐海水腐蚀性能研究的问题。