Ranking of individual mountain birch trees in terms of leaf chemistry: seasonal and annual variation

Summary. The quality of tree leaves as food for herbivores changes rapidly especially during the spring and early summer. However, whether the quality of an individual tree in relation to other trees in the population changes during the growing season and between years is less clear. We studied the seasonal and annual stability of chemical and physical traits affecting leaf quality for herbivores. Rankings of trees in terms of the contents of two major groups of phenolics in their leaves, hydrolyzable tannins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), were very stable from the early spring to the end of the growing season. There were also strong positive within-season correlations in the levels of some other groups of phenolics in the leaves (kaempferol glycosides, myricetin glycosides and p-coumaroylquinic acid derivatives). The contents of individual sugars and the sum content of protein-bound amino acids showed patterns of seasonal consistency in mature leaves, but not in young developing leaves. The seasonal correlations in leaf water content and toughness were also strongest in mature leaves. The correlations between two years at corresponding times of the growing season were strongly positive for the major groups of phenolics throughout the season, but were more variable for the contents of proteins and some sugars. Leaf toughness and water content showed strong positive correlations in mature leaves. Despite the consistency of tree ranking in terms of leaf phenolics, the relative resistance status of trees may, however, change during a growing season because there was a negative correlation between the content of hydrolyzable tannins (early-season resistance compounds) in leaves early in the season and the content of proanthocyanidins (late-season resistance compounds) late in the season, and vice versa. Thus, assuming that phenolics affect herbivore preference and performance, different plants may suffer damage at different times of the growing season, and the overall variation between trees in the fitness consequences may be low. In addition, the adaptation of herbivorous insects to mountain birch foliage in general, as well as to specific tree individuals, may be constrained by variation in the relative resistance status of the trees.     

牛粪发酵过程中抗生素耐药基因及相关菌群组成变化规律

随着规模化奶牛养殖迅速发展,牛粪带来的环境污染问题日益严重。实验探究牛粪及其堆肥过程中养分变化、抗生素耐药基因消减情况以及细菌群落演替规律,探讨细菌菌群与养分、抗生素耐药基因之间的相关性。采集牛粪及其堆肥过程样品,测定样品中养分、检测抗生素耐药基因相对丰度,采用16S r RNA高通量测序技术研究牛粪堆肥过程细菌群落变化。结果表明,从新鲜牛粪(组FM)到发酵牛粪(组C),样品中有机质含量下降,全氮和全磷含量有不同程度增加,全钾(TK)显著升高(P<0.05)。堆肥发酵后,抗生素耐药基因erm B、tet M、bla CTX-M和aac(6')-Ib-cr的相对丰度呈现不同程度的下降,而基因sul1相对丰度增加。高通量测序结果表明,在门水平,各组均以Firmicutes、Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes这3个菌门为主,在属水平,各组具有不同的优势物种,其中发现Bacteroides、Paeniclostridium和Pseudomonas等7个潜在病原菌属的相对丰度在堆肥后有效降低。通过相关性分析发现,潜在病原菌属与基因tet M和sul1呈显著正相关(P<0.05),此外,大部分优势菌属与养分TK有显著相关性(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,牛粪经堆肥发酵后,病原菌相对丰度有效降低,抗生素耐药基因相对丰度的下降与细菌菌群结构变化存在相关关系。     

An Approach for the Aggregation of Aerodynamic Surface Parameters in Calculating the Turbulent Fluxes over Heterogeneous Surfaces in Atmospheric Models

Experimental evidence indicates that there is a significant departure of the wind profile above the underlying surface consisting of patches of solid and liquid parts, and plant communities with different morphological from that predicted by the logarithmic relationship, which gives the values larger than those observed. This situation can seriously affect the transfer of momentum, heat and water vapor from the surface fluxes into the atmosphere.The object of this paper is to generalize the calculation of the exchange of momentum between the atmosphere and a very heterogeneous surface, find a general equation for the wind speed profile in a roughness sublayer under neutral conditions, and, then, derive aggregated roughness length and displacement height over the grid cell. The suggested expression for the wind profile is compared with some earlier approaches, using a common parameterization of aerodynamic parameters over the grid cell, and the observations obtained at an experimental site in Philadelphia, PA.     

粉煤灰在水厂污泥处理和处置中的作用研究

在水厂污泥水中加入电厂粉煤灰，不需再添加其他材料，即可以很好地改善水厂污泥的脱水性能。细粉煤灰最佳投加量为20％，粗粉煤灰最佳投加量为30％，不但可以节约能耗，粉煤灰有了新的出路，干化污泥对环境友好，而且还能制成低热值燃料作焚烧处置，回收部分热能。     

通风过滤器的结构与性能初探

在危险化学品生产和销毁厂房的通风设计中一定要设置滤毒装置,目前在国内使用滤毒通风系统的工业装置并不多见.设计方法也鲜有介绍.在滤毒通风装置的设计过程中,过滤器的组成和冗余是设计中重要的内容和参数.设计合理既能够节省投资,又能保证设施抗击事故冲击的能力,使装置能够安全平稳的运行.而在运行中,过滤器更换时机至关重要.文章介绍了通风过滤器的结构、HEPA过滤器和活性炭过滤器能力的计算方法,最后就过滤器性能测试方法进行研究.     

人工神经网络和遗传算法在生物载体填料生产工艺中的应用

本文应用BP人工神经网络建立了生物流化床污水处理工艺中新型生物载体填料的生产工艺参数与填料磨损破碎率和松散容重之间的关系，并运用遗传算法对填料的生产工艺进行了优化。结果表明：填料的最佳生产工艺参数为：EVA含量14％；活性炭含量3．6％；胶粉粒度18.97目。此时，填料的磨损破碎率和松散容量均达到最优值，分别为0．358％和0．226kg／L。这一优化结果对生物载体填料的实际生产加工具有指导意义。     

城市街区污染散布的数值模拟与风洞实验的比较分析

将专门设计的一项中性层结条件下风洞的污染物浓度测量实验，与已建城市小区尺度模式在相同条件下的污染扩散模拟结果进行了比较分析．分析了该模式流场模拟的有效性．结果表明：总体上，数值模拟与风洞实验结果符合较好；进一步分析发现，数值模拟结果中建筑物背风侧空腔区湍涡的中心比风洞实验结果略高，空腔区的范围比风洞实验所示范围大，建筑物迎风侧位移区比风洞实验所示小．此差异可能是由两者边界条件的不同引起的．     

化工厂大气污染扩散风洞模拟试验

以一化工厂作为研究对象，按1／3125缩尺制作模型，在风洞实验室中进行扩散试验，研究该区域的大气污染情况，以及地形和局地气流对大气污染物扩散的影响．     

中国东南沿海风能资源评价

本文选取322个气象台站(自记158个,非自记174个)10年(1971—1980)风速资料统计计算了3.5—20.4m/s有效风速出现的小时数,年(月)风能和风能密度,风速、风能变化规律;绘制了年有效风能和有效风速频率分布图,进而按风能资源分布规律做出风能区划及风能的高度变化。其次,结合实际风能资料,阐明风能与风力机输出能量转换关系,从而测算出该地区农田灌溉和风力发电的风能资源利用转换值。最后,根据当地实际风能资源、环境、地形及地下水位高低,为选择合理的设计风速或引进适合当地的风力机以及解决当地部分能源提供合理化建议和对该区发展风力机的前景提出了看法。实践证明具有一定的实际应用价值。     

The creation of an historical meteorological database for environmental dose assessment

The focus of this study is to develop wind data for the SavannahRiver Site (SRS) between 1955 and 1961 to be used in an assessment of estimates of atmospheric dispersion and downwindrisk at the Savannah River Site. In particular, a study of theuncertainties of radioiodine dosimetry from the late 1950sprovides the underlying motivation for developing historicalwindroses at the Savannah River Site (SRS). Wind measurement towers did not exist at the SRS until theearly 1970s. Three relatively simple methods were used to createa 1955–1961 meteorological database for the SRS for a dosereconstruction project. The winds were estimated from onsitemeasurements in the 1990s and National Weather Service (NWS)observations in the 1990s and 1950s using (1) a linear regressionmethod, (2) a similarity theory approach, and (3) a simplestatistical differences method. The criteria for determining success were based on (1) howwell the mean values and standard deviations of the predictedwind speed agree with the known SRS values from the 1990s, (2) the shape of the predicted frequency distribution functions forwind speed, and (3) how closely the predicted windroses resembledthe SRS windrose for the 1990s. The linear regression model's wind speed distribution functionwas broad, flat, and skewed too much toward higher wind speeds.The similarity theory approach produced a wind speed distributionfunction that contained excess predicted speeds in the range 0–1.54 m s^-1 (0–3 kts) and had `excluded' bins caused bypredictions being made from integer values of knots in the NWSdata. The distribution function from the mean difference methodwas smooth with a shape like a Weibull distribution with a shapeparameter of 2 and appearedto resemble closely the SRS 1992–1996 distribution.The wind directions for all three methods of approach weresuccessfully based on the mean difference method. It wasdifficult to discern differences among the wind roses produced bythe three methods so the wind speed distribution functions needto be examined in order to make an informed choice for dose reconstruction.