炭系导电填料对瓦斯封堵材料性能影响研究

针对目前煤矿中频频发生的透水事故与静电引发瓦斯灾害的现状,文章以聚合物水泥、阻燃剂以及导电填料制备出一种适用于煤矿井下能够防止煤壁渗水和封堵瓦斯气体的材料,具有防水、防火、抗静电的特点。系统考查了导电云母粉、石墨、炭黑等多种导电填料及其不同配比的混合填料对涂层干燥时间、表面电阻和吸水率等性能的影响,试验结果表明,添加导电云母粉涂层的电阻值变化不大,无法达到国家煤安标准MT 113-1995的抗静电要求,不适合作为导电填料;添加石墨粉的涂层在质量分数为16%左右时电阻值方可达到106¹08Ω;添加炭黑的涂层粘度较大,且质量分数在5%时可达到要求。当石墨粉与炭黑单独添加时,随着导电填料的增加,材料的吸水率逐渐升高,防水性能逐渐下降;从涂膜的抗静电性能和防水性能两方面考虑,最佳的导电填料为石墨与炭黑的混合填料,且最佳的混合比为炭黑:石墨=2:3。     

离子镀铝与离子液体电镀铝涂层性能对比研究

目的对比研究离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层的性能。方法针对高强度钢表面环保表面处理的需求,对比研究300M钢表面离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)等对两种涂层的表面、断面微观形貌和成分进行表征;采用原子力显微镜(AFM)对两种涂层表面三维形貌和粗糙度进行观察和测量;采用电偶腐蚀测试两种涂层与铝合金的电偶腐蚀性能;采用缺口试样拉伸方法检测两种涂层对300M钢基体氢脆性能的影响;采用5%Na Cl人工海水周浸试验的方法检测两种涂层的耐蚀性能,与电镀镉钛镀层进行对比,采用电化学方法对涂层试验前后的阻抗谱特性进行检测分析。结果两种涂层表面形貌存在较大差异,离子镀铝经过致密化处理后,表面为均匀的圆饼状形貌,致密度很高,粗糙度约为0.88μm,而离子液体电镀铝涂层表面则为圆顶状的凸起物组成,没有明显的孔洞缺陷,粗糙度约为0.71μm;电偶腐蚀测试显示,两种涂层都能够与铝合金相容连接;缺口试样的拉伸试验结果显示,两种涂层的对基体的氢脆性能没有影响;腐蚀试验结果显示,两种涂层对于300M钢基体都具有良好的保护效果,与传统的电镀镉钛相当,具备了未来替代镉类镀层的潜质。结论两种涂层均匀致密,没有明显的气孔、裂纹等缺陷,电偶腐蚀性能优异,对300M钢基体都不会产生氢脆隐患,耐蚀性能优异。     

高温堆肥对猪粪中四环素类抗生素及抗性基因的影响

为了研究高温堆肥对猪粪中抗生素及抗生素抗性基因的影响,对不同堆肥处理中的四环素类抗生素(四环素、土霉素、金霉素)及其抗性基因(tetA、tetC、tetG、tetM、tetQ、tetW)的动态变化进行了定量研究.结果表明:低剂量组(10 mg·kg~(-1))中四环素、土霉素、金霉素的去除率分别为91%、94%、92%,高剂量组(50 mg·kg-1)中四环素、土霉素、金霉素的去除率分别为60%、62%、71%.在堆肥过程中,抗生素处理组目标基因相对丰度高于对照组,而低剂量组目标基因相对丰度(tetW除外)又普遍高于高剂量组.经堆肥处理后,tetA的相对丰度增加,tetC、tetG、tetM、tetQ、tetW的相对丰度均下降.高温堆肥可以有效去除猪粪中一定浓度的四环素类抗生素,并对四环素类抗性基因也有一定的削减作用.     

脉冲袋式除尘器的阻力分析

分析了脉冲袋式除尘器阻力的构成及分布,提出了降低袋式除尘器阻力的途径和要点,并阐述了袋式除尘器节能的根本措施。     

Antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from hospital wastewater and superficial water: Are they genetically related?

Many studies have reported the presence of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in environmental samples such as hospital wastewater and surface water. The present study evaluated the contribution of untreated hospital wastewater to the dissemination of resistant P. aeruginosa strains in aquatic environments, through the analysis of their antibiotic susceptibility profile and genetic similarity. Wastewater samples were collected from two hospitals located in Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil. Superficial water samples were collected from water bodies that received this wastewater discharge. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the strains were determined using the disk-diffusion technique and their genotyping was done by amplification of the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus sequences (ERIC-PCR). The antibiotic resistance was higher among the hospital wastewater strains and the multiresistant phenotype was also observed only among these strains. The ERIC-PCR profiles did not reveal any genetic similarity among the P. aeruginosa strains from the wastewater and superficial water samples. On the contrary, they showed that genetically distinct populations were established in these different environments and probably that some other contamination source could be contributing to the presence of resistant strains in these water bodies.     

水分条件对中山杉406光合特性的影响

采用室内盆栽方式,以两年生落羽杉属杂交树种＂中山杉406＂（Taxodium‘Zhongshanshan 406’）为试验材料,设置对照、渍水和淹水3种处理,研究了水分条件对中山杉406叶片的叶绿体色素、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2摩尔分数（Ci）等光合特性的影响。结果表明,中山杉406的叶绿素a、叶绿素a＋b和类胡萝卜素质量分数随土壤水分增加而逐渐降低,但处理间均无显著差异。同样,不同处理间的Tr、Gs和Ci等光合参数无明显规律。光合-光强响应曲线表现出明显的光饱和限制。不同光强下,对照与淹水处理的中山杉406叶片净光合速率高于渍水处理,但处理间没有显著差异。而光饱和在对照处理显著（P〈0.05）高于渍水和淹水处理。在渍水和淹水下,中山杉406的光合特性没有发生明显变化,表明其具有良好的耐湿耐水特性,在湿地的恢复与构建方面有广阔的应用前景。     

基于长时间序列的北京PM2.5浓度日变化及气象条件影响分析

基于2005~2014年北京宝联(城区)和上甸子大气成分本底站(郊区)监测结果得到了PM_(2.5)质量浓度日变化特征,并且讨论了气象条件的影响.结果表明,北京城区PM_(2.5)质量浓度10年平均值的日变化呈双峰分布,对应早晚出行高峰.但是,该特征在2007年以后才比较明显.月际(季节)变化表现为单峰与双峰之间、日最大值在早高峰与晚高峰之间的转换.一年中早峰值浓度在5~8月最高,与地面风速小、相对湿度以及水汽压(空气绝对含水量)较高有关,该季节晚高峰期间浓度变化相对较小主要受混合层较厚、地面风速大、降雨天气发生频繁的影响.11~12月和1~2月的16:00以后浓度明显升高,混合层顶高度在14:00~17:00大幅度下降是重要的影响因素.此外,严重和重度污染日09:00以后污染加重,与年平均值和中度污染日不同.边界层偏南风对来自周边地区高架源的污染物输送是其重要的影响机制.PM_(2.5)质量浓度日变化幅度随污染加重而增大.日最大风速和相对湿度日变化对浓度日变化幅度有影响,而且午后地面出现4~6 m·s-1的偏南风也会加大日变化幅度.北京郊区PM_(2.5)质量浓度多年平均值日变化呈单峰分布,日最大值超前于城区.而且,昼间的浓度在5~7月高于冬季.本研究结果将有助于细化不利扩散条件下的污染减排方案.     

膜生物反应器处理工业废水中膜污染及膜过滤特性研究

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)中试试验装置处理制革、印染工业园区混合废水,考察了悬浮污泥浓度(MLSS)、溶解性微生物产物(SMP)和松散型胞外聚合物(EPS)表征总量、胶体粒子等因素对膜污染发生的影响程度.结果表明,试验装置启动后的120 d内,发生轻度膜污染现象,过滤膜阻力R20从1.5×1012m-1增加至1.8×1012m-1.MBR池内胶体粒子浓度与膜过滤阻力变化呈现明显的线性相关,而MLSS、SMP和EPS表征总量等因素的变化与膜过滤阻力的变化不存在相关性.分析认为胶体粒子是引起该试验装置发生膜污染现象的主要因素,其成因可能是胶体粒子通过附着在膜表面,沉积堵塞膜孔,从而造成膜污染.     

Simulating the fate of indigenous antibiotic resistant bacteria in a mild slope wastewater polluted stream

The fate of indigenous surface-water and wastewater antibiotic resistant bacteria in a mild slope stream simulated through a hydraulic channel was investigated in outdoor experiments.The effect of(i) natural(dark) decay,(ii) sunlight,(iii) cloudy cover,(iv) adsorption to the sediment,(v) hydraulic conditions,(vi) discharge of urban wastewater treatment plant(UWTP)effluent and(vii) bacterial species(presumptive Escherichia coli and enterococci) was evaluated.Half-life time(T1/2) of E. coli under sunlight was in the range 6.48–27.7 min(initial bacterial concentration of 10~5 CFU/mL) depending on hydraulic and sunlight conditions. E. coli inactivation was quite similar in sunny and cloudy day experiments in the early 2 hr, despite of the light intensity gradient was in the range of 15–59 W/m~2; but subsequently the inactivation rate decreased in the cloudy day experiment(T1/2= 23.0 min) compared to sunny day(T_(1/2)= 17.4 min). The adsorption of bacterial cells to the sediment(biofilm) increased in the first hour and then was quite stable for the remaining experimental time. Finally, when the discharge of an UWTP effluent in the stream was simulated, the proportion of indigenous antibiotic resistant E. coli and enterococci was found to increase as the exposure time increased, thus showing a higher resistance to solar inactivation compared to the respective total populations.