矿井气候多参数预测与通风网络自动解算算法研究

为了对受矿井气候影响的通风网络进行自动解算,并能在实际矿井中应用,提出了一种快速的通风网络自动解算算法。矿井气候对通风网络的影响体现在自然风压上,首先对影响自然风压的温度参数进行预测,在不考虑自然风压的前提下进行解算,以此结果为基础,根据热交换原理计算出通风网络各分支节点的温度;然后对相关变量:压强、密度、自然风压、通风阻力相互关系推导为只含有压强这一变量的函数;最后对含有自然风压的矿井通风网络迭代计算。实验结果表明:该算法实现井下各节点密度和压强的预测和含有自然风压的矿井通风网络自动解算。     

The effects of Pinus tabuliformis on soil detachment under different influencing factors in the Loess Plateau of China

In situ experiments were undertaken to examine the impacts of Pinus tabuliformis on soil detachment under different influencing factors. Experimental sites with slopes containing vegetation cover, plant roots and bare ground were investigated for slope gradients of 8.7%, 17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6% and flow discharges of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0?m³?s^?1. Results from our study provide details on the relationship between soil detachment and both slope gradient and flow discharge. Soil detachment rates increased with an increase in slope and discharge, and discharge was identified to have a stronger influence on soil detachment than slope. In contrast, the combination of litter cover and roots played an important role in reducing soil detachment; detachment rate decreased by about 55% relative to bare slopes; and plant roots had a greater impact on detachment reduction. The presence of vegetation cover can decrease rill erodibility by 83% and increase critical shear stress by 224% compared with bare slopes. These results provide valuable information on the importance of woodland in soil detachment control, and may help to improve vegetation construction in seriously eroded regions of the Loess Plateau.     

CRISPR/Cas系统抵御细菌耐药

近年来,细菌耐药性问题在全球范围内日益严重,世界各地不断出现各种新型耐药基因及"超级细菌",以此形成的细菌耐药性污染已成为威胁全球公共卫生与环境安全的重大问题。目前除了在管理上规范合理用药和限制抗生素排放,应探讨抵御细菌耐药的分子机制,有效地从根本上遏制细菌耐药的产生。CRISPR系统作为一种天然免疫系统,可用来对抗入侵的外源性遗传物质,其结构和功能与细菌耐药及毒力因素密切相关,深入分析两者的关系有助于更好地理解细菌耐药机制,为防治细菌耐药提供了新的方向。     

Fate and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in reclaimed water production processes

• PPCPs had the highest removal efficiency in A²O combined with MBR process (86.8%). • ARGs and OPFRs were challenging to remove (6.50% and 31.0%, respectively). • Octocrylene and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate posed high risks to aquatic organisms. • Meta-analysis was used to compare the ECs removal in wastewater treatment. • Membrane treatment technology is the most promising treatment for ECs removal. Reclaimed water has been widely applied in irrigation and industrial production. Revealing the behavior of emerging contaminants in the production process of reclaimed water is the first prerequisite for developing relevant water quality standards. This study investigated 43 emerging contaminants, including 22 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), 11 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), and 10 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in 3 reclaimed wastewater treatment plants (RWTPs) in Beijing. The composition profiles and removal efficiencies of these contaminants in RWTPs were determined. The results indicated that the distribution characteristics of the different types of contaminants in the three RWTPs were similar. Caffeine, sul2 and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate were the dominant substances in the wastewater, and their highest concentrations were 27104 ng/L, 1.4 × 10⁷ copies/mL and 262 ng/L, respectively. Ofloxacin and sul2 were observed to be the dominant substances in the sludge, and their highest concentrations were 5419 ng/g and 3.7 × 10⁸ copies/g, respectively. Anaerobic/anoxic/oxic system combined with the membrane bioreactor process achieved a relatively high aqueous removal of PPCPs (87%). ARGs and OPFRs were challenging to remove, with average removal rates of 6.5% and 31%, respectively. Quantitative meta-analysis indicated that tertiary treatment processes performed better in emerging contaminant removal than secondary processes. Diethyltoluamide exhibited the highest mass load discharge, with 33.5 mg/d per 1000 inhabitants. Octocrylene and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate posed high risks (risk quotient>1.0) to aquatic organisms. This study provides essential evidence to screen high priority pollutants and develop corresponding standard in RWTPs.     

温度和搅拌对牛粪厌氧消化系统抗生素抗性基因变化和微生物群落的影响

分别设置中温不搅拌、中温搅拌、高温不搅拌和高温搅拌这4种牛粪厌氧消化处理,探究温度和搅拌对牛粪厌氧消化抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）变化及微生物群落的影响.以厌氧消化特性为基础,分析ARGs和可移动遗传元件（mobile genetic elements,MGEs）的丰度变化和微生物群落结构,并利用网络分析和冗余分析探究影响ARGs变化的关键因素.通过双因素方差分析可知,温度对厌氧消化产气的影响（η²=0.934）强于搅拌（η²=0.911）,高温总产气量较中温提高了13.93%,且中温条件下搅拌的总产气量较未搅拌提高了12.63%.温度对ARGs去除的影响（η²=0.992）也强于搅拌（η²=0.920）.高温将ARGs和MGEs的去除量显著提升至0.09~1.53（对数值）,但搅拌对ARGs和MGEs的去除无显著影响.微生物群落受温度的影响也更为显著,门水平微生物Firmicutes成为高温条件下的绝对优势菌,相对丰度高达86%以上.属水平微生物Sedimentibacter、Sphaerochaeta和Pseudomonas等为ARGs的潜在宿主菌,直接影响ARGs的变化.理化因子影响了微生物的分布,尤其是总氨氮和总挥发酸,通过影响ARGs宿主菌间接影响ARGs的变化.整体来看,高温不搅拌的消化条件有利于气体的产生和ARGs的去除.     

印染废水循环利用抗生素抗性基因丰度变化特性

城市污水处理系统中抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）分布研究较多,但是工业废水循环利用时ARGs丰度变化特性研究尚存不足.为此,本研究构建了印染废水循环利用系统,采用16S rDNA技术分析印染废水循环利用过程中微生物群落的变化特性,采用高通量测序技术表征ARGs丰度变化趋势.循环初期,活性污泥中共检出9大类52种ARGs,其中β-内酰胺类（β-lactam）抗性基因的相对丰度最高.循环过程中,芳烃类污染物浓度随循环次数的增加而升高,β-内酰胺类抗性基因丰度则先升高后降低再升高（第100 d,上升61.85%）.与此同时,与ARGs相关的Firmicutes、Actinobacteria和Cyanobacteria的丰度显著下降（降幅分别为84.66%、64.38%和85.15%）.超过21种ARGs受到芳烃类污染物富集的显著影响,其中,6种ARGs与芳烃类污染物的浓度变化极显著正相关,6种极显著负相关.这些结果表明,ARGs的丰度变化受微生物群落和芳烃类污染物的影响,在印染废水循环利用过程中呈现先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势.本研究揭示了印染废水循环利用过程中芳烃类污染物的富集与微生物群落的变化对ARGs的影响,对印染工业废水循环利用降低抗生素抗性基因对环境的污染提供了理论指导.     

螺旋隧道火灾特性小尺寸实验研究

为探明螺旋隧道火灾特性,防止人员高温伤害,基于Froude准则,搭建比例1∶67的小尺寸螺旋隧道实验模型,采用模型实验方法研究不同坡度和不同风速下螺旋隧道火灾温度分布规律及烟气蔓延特性。研究结果表明:低坡度条件下,螺旋隧道内高温区以火源为中点呈对称分布状态;随着坡度的增加,隧道内高温区逐渐向下游延伸,火源处拱顶下方温度呈现先增大后降低再升高的变化规律;无论是自然风还是机械纵向通风,新鲜冷空气的吹入对隧道温度的降低起到主导作用,且风速越大,温降幅度越大;随着隧道坡度和自然风速的增加,火羽流由竖直狭长型转变为燃烧不稳定的大截面火焰,同时坡度增加抑制了火灾烟气逆流,促进了烟气向火源下游的蔓延速度,大大提高了排烟的有效性,减少人员伤害。     

石家庄近地层风场辐合与重污染关系研究

石家庄多发生以风场辐合为特征的局地污染事件,客观判识辐合区和辐合过程强弱对重污染预报指示意义重大.为研究石家庄风场辐合特征及其对局地污染的贡献,更好地为区域重污染天气预报预警提供客观指标参考,在引入固定高度层内矢量通风系数物理量的基础上,结合箱体模型提出一种定量计算近地层风场辐合强度系数的方法,并利用ERA-Interim再分析资料计算了京津冀地区矢量通风系数以及辐合强度系数,对2016年9月—2019年3月期间10次典型风场辐合污染过程进行分析,探讨了风场辐合形成的原因和对污染贡献的关系.结果表明:①受地形影响,石家庄易出现近地层风向、风速辐合,均可归结为区域内输入通风量大于输出通风量,西部太行山地形的阻挡加重了其辐合程度.②风场辐合使空气中的水汽和污染物汇聚,为二次反应提供高湿条件,这种正反馈作用促发PM_2.5爆发性增长,期间ρ（PM_2.5）平均每小时可上升25 μg/m3.③石家庄近地层辐合强度系数在26以上时对污染贡献作用明显,辐合区污染强度比周边偏高1~2个等级,ρ（PM_2.5）比区域背景值偏高85%~200%.研究显示,风场辐合对重污染贡献明显,是形成局部污染物浓度偏高、PM_2.5爆发性增长的重要气象指标.      

2000-2019年中国北方地区沙尘暴时空变化及其相关影响因素

利用多年多源环境、气象和卫星遥感资料,从年代际、年际异常和气候变化的角度分析了21世纪以来中国北方地区沙尘暴的时空演化特征及其气象、植被变化的影响机理.结果表明：①2000—2013年中国北方地区沙尘暴年日数呈显著波动下降趋势,下降速率为1.1 d/10 a,2013年后呈微弱增长趋势.近40年来,春季沙尘暴日数占全年沙尘暴日数的平均占比为62%,但其逐年变化率明显下降（-7.3%/10 a）,2010年后夏季沙尘暴日数的变化率则呈现上升趋势（12.4%/10 a）,新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠地区沙尘暴的高发季节由春季逐渐向夏季扩展.②21世纪初中国北方地区沙尘暴发生频数明显下降,沙尘暴影响范围向塔克拉玛干沙漠南部地区收缩西移,戈壁沙漠在亚洲沙尘源区中的主体地位逐年下降,改变了中国北方地区沙尘暴的空间格局.③中国北方地区沙尘暴的区域性减少主要归因于平均风速与大风日数逐年下降（-0.1 m·s^-1/10 a、-4.4 d/10 a）、年降水量显著增加（32.7 mm/10 a）及区域地表变绿.塔里木盆地南缘局地风速的升高是导致该地区沙尘暴多发的重要气象影响因素,而地表植被覆盖的增加是造成戈壁沙漠沙尘暴年日数显著下降的主要原因.     

机舱空气环境耐药基因及耐药细菌的污染特征研究

研究表明飞机旅行是传染病在世界范围内传播的主要途径之一。由于飞机机舱内的密闭性,具有乘客密度大、污染物负荷大、新风量小等特点,使机舱成为极易传播疾病的场所。为了探究机舱环境中耐药细菌和耐药基因的分布情况,选择一架国际航线空客A320机舱内高效空气过滤器滤膜颗粒物作为研究对象。结果显示,在该空客机舱滤膜上31种耐药基因的检出频率为83.9%。Ⅰ类整合子基因的相对含量高于所有耐药基因,为3.94×10-1(基因拷贝数/16S rRNA拷贝数)。β内酰胺类耐药基因的相对含量在1.51×10-5～1.26×10-2之间。3种磺胺类耐药基因的相对含量都相对较高,sul2的含量最高,为4.81×10-2。Ⅰ类整合子介导的耐药基因水平转移可能是机舱内耐药基因传播扩散的主要机制之一。此外,对分离出的64株细菌进行耐药表型检测发现,具有磺胺甲恶唑耐受性的细菌为50株(78.1%),具有庆大霉素耐受性的细菌为41株(64.1%),具有亚胺培南耐受性的细菌为24株(37.5%)。其中61株菌至少含有两重耐药性,只有4株芽孢杆菌对四环素具有耐药性。样本中分离出很多条件致病菌,比如阴沟肠杆菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌等,这对乘客和机组人员的安全造成直接危胁。上述研究结果表明机舱环境成为耐药基因跨境传播的重要途经。