Integrating selected ecological effects of mixed European beech–Norway spruce stands in bioeconomic modelling

The simplicity of many bioeconomic models has been criticised several times, due to their lack of realism resulting from a deterministic nature and a single-species focus. In this context it was interesting to test the financial sensitivity of bioeconomic modelling against fairly well documented ecological effects in mixed forests. For this purpose our study linked existing results of ecological research with bioeconomic modelling. The presented methodological approach could not only show the importance of considering ecological effects in bioeconomic models; it in fact enabled prioritising ecological research from a financial point of view.In a first step, the possible influence of the tree species mixture on forest stand resistance, productivity and timber quality was derived from existing studies. In a second step, the available Monte Carlo simulations for Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), simulated under site conditions and risks typical of southern Germany, were extended by the mentioned ecological effects and then evaluated from a financial perspective.The results showed a clear influence of all tested ecological effects on the financial indicators, financial risk and return. While testing each ecological effect separately, an increased resistance against wind, snow and insect attacks had the greatest influence on financial risk and return. It over-proportionally enhanced the financial return while simultaneously the financial risk was reduced. In contrast, a degraded timber quality could eliminate the positive effect of risk compensation in mixed forests almost completely. The least influence on the financial indicators finally showed a changed volume growth in mixed forests.A combination of the separately tested ecological effects (increased resistance, changed volume growth and decreased timber quality), between both tree species, underlined the dominating importance of the stand resistance. The integration of ecological effects, induced by interdependent tree species, in our bioeconomic model resulted in significantly lower financial risk than ignoring these effects. Moreover, the financial return of mixed stand variants with a proportion of Norway spruce greater than 60% even exceeded that of the most profitable pure stand.In conclusion this paper clearly confirmed that ignoring ecological effects in bioeconomic models could lead to seriously biased financial results. While a changed volume growth proved rather to be of minor importance for European beech/Norway spruce stands, tree resistance and timber quality may change the financial results significantly.     

机械清洗膜组件对膜通量影响的初步研究

试验设计了强化机械清洗膜组件M1和机械清洗膜组件M2,通过正交试验考察了污泥浓度、曝气量、运行膜通量和抽吸时间:间歇时间对2组膜组件的膜过滤特性的影响.结果表明,M1膜组件可以弱化不利条件如高污泥浓度(MLSS)、高运行膜通量和低曝气强度的影响;曝气量和运行膜通量是影响膜比通量的主要因素;并得到一组较佳的操作条件组合:污泥浓度6g/L、曝气量0.5m³/h、抽吸时间和间歇时间的比为12:1.在此条件下长期运行试验表明,M1和M2膜通量均可以维持在40L/(h·m²).通过测定2组膜组件的阻力分布,表明机械清洗可以大大减弱膜面泥饼层污染.     

复合载体对选择性催化还原催化剂低温脱硝性能的影响

采用浆液浸涂法在堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上涂覆Al2O_3-TiO_2-ZSM-5分子筛复合载体,并通过浸渍法负载活性组分Mn-Fe-Ce,制备了M/ATZ-CC选择性催化还原催化剂。考察了催化剂的低温脱硝活性和抗水性能,表征了催化剂的物性参数和氨-程序升温脱附性能。实验结果表明,M/ATZ-CC催化剂具有优异的脱硝活性和抗水性能,在反应温度为160℃、水蒸气加入量为10%(φ)、NO体积分数为0.1%、n(NH_3)∶n(NO)=1、O_2体积分数为3.0%、体积空速为3 000~10 000 h~(-1)的条件下,NO去除率在80%以上。表征结果显示,该催化剂的比表面积、孔径、弱酸酸量、中强酸酸量和总酸量得到了显著提高。     

通风状况对乳胶泡沫材料燃烧特性影响

设计小尺寸实验平台,研究不同通风管道风速对乳胶泡沫材料燃烧特性的影响。在不同风速条件下进行实验,获得材料表面温度分布、质量损失速率、火焰高度和火蔓延速率等特性参数。实验结果表明,在管道风速为0,1.5,3,4.5,6 m/s时,平均火焰蔓延速率分别为0.24,0.20,0.23,0.25,0.24 cm/s,最大质量损失速率分别为2.80,2.26,2.65,3.18,3.63 g/s。在有风条件下,随着风速的增加,火焰燃烧过程变得更加剧烈,最大质量损失率变大。实验样品的燃烧过程可以分为3个阶段:初始生长、完全燃烧和熄灭。最大火焰高度发生在燃烧过程的第2阶段,不同管道风速下的最大火焰高度分别为96.39,72.83,90.68,94.96,95.32 cm。     

基于风量-风压复合特征的通风系统阻变型故障诊断

为了避免风量单一特征进行故障位置诊断的不适定性,提出基于风量-风压复合特征的故障位置诊断方法,实现特征信息的多维互补,提高故障位置诊断的准确度。利用蒙特卡洛方法生成大致满足实际故障风阻值分布的故障仿真样本,为了避免不同变量之间不同量纲、不同数量级造成的数据损失,对原始风量、风压数据进行标准化处理,并分别以风量单一特征、风压单一特征、风量-风压复合特征作为支持向量机（SVM）的输入,构建通风系统阻变型故障位置诊断模型。通过故障模拟实验研究表明:风量、风压单一特征进行故障位置诊断的准确度分别为89.80%,90.34%,风量-风压复合特征进行故障位置诊断的准确度为98.23%,说明风量-风压复合特征进行故障诊断可以消除风量、风压单一特征进行故障诊断的不适定性,提高故障诊断的准确度。     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in milk and dairy products in Egypt

Abstract

Food contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represents a hazardous public health problem worldwide. Therefore, the present study was performed to elucidate the virulent and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of STEC isolated from milk and dairy products marketed in Egypt. A total of 125 samples (raw market milk, bulk tank milk, Kareish cheese, white soft cheese, and small scale-produced ice cream, 25 each) were collected for determination the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiling of STEC. Thirty-six STEC isolates were recovered from milk and dairy products. Serological analysis illustrated that three isolates were E. coli O157:H7 and 33 isolates belonged to different serotypes. Molecular examination indicated that all isolates harboured stx1 and/or stx2 genes, 14 isolates expressed eaeA gene and 3 isolates possessed rfbE gene. Antimicrobial resistance profiling of the isolates was both phenotypically and genetically examined. Interestingly, 31 out of 36 (86.11%) isolates were multidrug-resistant and harboured the extended-spectrum β-lactamase encoding genes, namely, bla_CTX-M-15, bla_SHV-12 and bla_CTX-M-14. Moreover, 12 isolates (33.33%) harboured plasmid-mediated quinolone resistant gene, qnrS. The overall conclusion of the current investigation indicated insufficient hygienic measures adopted during milking, handling, and processing leading to development of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant STEC.     

环境温湿度及风速对消防服热舒适属性影响的定量研究

为量化环境条件对消防服热舒适性能的影响,选取我国02式消防服,测量其在不同环境温度、湿度及风速条件下的热阻和湿阻并得出拟合公式;通过回归分析法分析环境条件对热阻和湿阻的影响,提出其对热阻和湿阻影响的数学模型。结果表明:风速对热阻和湿阻的影响较大,而环境温度和湿度对热阻及湿阻的影响较少;风速与整体热阻及整体湿阻呈负相关,而风速与固有热阻和固有湿阻呈正相关。该研究可为消防服热舒适性能测试及高性能防护装备研发提供理论指导。     

相对两面受火的方中空夹层钢管混凝土柱耐火极限

在已有设计与实践中,较多关注四面均匀受火的钢管混凝土柱耐火极限的研究。但是通常在实际火灾中,钢管混凝土柱常出现相对两面受火这种非均匀受火情况,且该受火情况下钢管混凝土柱的受力机理与抗火性能与均匀受火情况有所不同。因此以方中空夹层钢管混凝土短柱为研究对象,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了方中空夹层钢管混凝土短柱在相对两面受火情况下的抗火分析模型,利用试验验证后的模型对构件耐火极限的影响因素进行了分析,分析结果表明:荷载比是影响方中空夹层钢管混凝土柱耐火极限的主要影响参数,表现为荷载比越大,耐火极限越小。基于参数分析结果,回归了相对两面受火方式下的构件耐火极限简化计算公式,为以后对此类构件耐火极限的研究提供参考。     

Resistance in bacteria and indirect beta-lactamase detection in E. coli isolated from Culex pipiens detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry

The aim of this study was detections of antibiotic resistance and resistance mechanism in bacteria isolated from mosquitos (Culex pipiens) living near humans. Therefore, antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from Culex pipiens was investigated by disk diffusion test and MIC E-test in this study. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used for detection of resistant mechanism. In this study, hydrolytic breakdown products after a few hours of incubation of the bacteria isolated from Culex pipiens were detected. Results show that enzymatic destruction of ampicillin by beta-lactamases is able to be detected by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry from wild strains of potential pathogens. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is useful method for routine detection of beta-lactamases resistant mechanism, but overnight incubation of pure culture is necessary. The results are important for proper and fast intervention to limit the spread of beta-lactamase-producing wild bacteria and provide information for appropriate initial therapy of the infections caused by these microbes.     

Two-dimensional modeling of torrefaction of a large biomass particle

A two-dimensional (2-D) model is developed to predict the torrefaction behavior of a large wet biomass particle. Although one-dimensional (1-D) model is found to be adequate for L/D ≥ 6, the necessity of using 2-D model at lower L/D ratios and higher torrefaction temperature is established. Errors up to 18% are observed in predicted mass fractions between 1-D and 2-D models. The center temperatures differed more, up to 96%, between z = 0 and z = L/2 in 2-D model which is not captured by the 1-D model. The model predictions agree well with the experimental results of the present authors and others. The evolution of the temperature profile is found to govern the mass fraction profile. At higher reactor temperature, three distinct zones are visible in the contour plots: peripheral fully torrefied zone, intermediate torrefying zone, and core with unreacted virgin biomass zone. Simulation studies show the formation of two symmetric annular hot spots at the ends, which move inward axially and subsequently merge at the center, the rate being faster for smaller L/D ratio. However, 1-D model does not provide such insight. The effects of reactor temperature, particle size, the residence time, and the initial moisture content on the torrefaction behavior are investigated.