Women's experiences across disasters: a study of two towns in Texas,United States

Gender, although gaining attention, remains under-researched in disaster risk reduction protocols and response and recovery efforts. This study examines women's experiences of two disasters in small towns in the United States, utilising qualitative interviews with residents of Granbury and West, Texas, during the first year of disaster recovery. Granbury was struck by an EF-4 tornado on 15 May 2013, whereas an explosion occurred at a local fertiliser facility in West on 17 April 2013. The paper explores how women's experiences of inter-gender power dynamics in decision-making, the prioritisation of childcare, and women's participation in the community affect their post-disaster recovery. Previous research highlights different forms of human response and recovery vis-à-vis ‘natural’ and technological disasters, with less attention paid to gender differences. The results point to the persistent, and similar, effect of gender stratification on women's experiences across different types of disasters in the US and the continued importance of gender-sensitive disaster policies and programmes.     

生计资本对甘南高原农牧民生计活动的影响

甘南高原是典型的生态环境脆弱区,农牧民采取的不合理生计活动已成为该区生态环境退化的主要因素,目前亟需塑建可持续生计方式.本文采用参与性农户评估方法对甘南高原115户农牧民家庭进行了调查,基于农户调查资料,分析了甘南高原纯牧区、半农半牧区和农区农户的生计资本现状、生计活动特点.阐释了生计资本对生计活动的影响.研究结果表明:①纯牧区农户的生计资本总值最高、半农半牧区次之、农区最低.且纯牧区农户缺乏金融资本、半农半牧区农户缺乏物质资本、农区农户缺乏自然资本:②农区农户的生计活动多样化指数最高、半农半牧区次之、纯牧区最低,农区外出打工和从事非农活动的农户比例远高于半农半牧区和纯牧区;③农户的生计资本影响着生计活动的选择,自然资本缺乏迫使农户寻求其他谋生方式,但受教育程度低、物质资本与金融资本缺乏以及封闭而狭窄的亲缘与地缘关系限制了农户生计多样化.最后提出了提高农牧民生计资本存量、塑建可持续生计方式的政策建议.     

Untargeted metabolomic analysis of pregnant women exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid at different degrees

● Metabolome can distinguish pregnant women exposure to PFOA at different degrees. ● Metabolome can reveal the metabolic changes of pregnant women exposure to PFOA. ● PFOA exposure degrees could affect the GSH metabolism of pregnant women. ● PFOA exposure degrees could change the microbiota metabolism of pregnant women. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a novel type of persistent synthetic organic pollutant, and its exposure on pregnant women can cause some adverse effects, such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, and preeclampsia. Therefore, understanding the metabolic changes caused by PFOA exposure is of great significance to protect pregnant women from its adverse effects. In this study, the metabolomes from the urine samples of pregnant women exposure to PFOA at different degrees were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS. The samples in different groups were distinguished and the differential metabolites were screened based on the VIP value, FC, and P-value of each comparison group through multivariate statistical analysis. The pathways related to differential metabolites were searched to reveal the effects of PFOA exposure on metabolic changes in pregnant women at different degrees. Finally, the ROC of differential metabolites was performed, and the differential metabolites with large area under the curve (AUC) values were selected and compared to identify the mutually differential metabolites. Meanwhile, these metabolites were fitted with a multivariable to explore if they could be used to distinguish different groups. The quantitative comparison of mutually differential metabolites revealed that the levels of L-cysteine, glycine, and 5-aminovaleric acid were positively correlated with the degree of PFOA exposure, indicating that different degrees of PFOA exposure could affect the synthesis or degradation of GSH and change the metabolism of oral or intestinal microbiota. Additionally, they may cause oxidative stress and abnormal fat metabolism in pregnant women.     

贴近"三农" 提高防震减灾实效

根据辽宁省地震的历史与现状,地震灾害与经济发展的利害关系,阐述了防震减灾工作体系建设的要点,并结合该要点指出了在农村、农民和农民工中存在的防震减灾薄弱环节,提出了具有防震减灾实效的建议.     

Climate change: linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry

Agriculture is the human enterprise that is most vulnerable to climate change. Tropical agriculture, particularly subsistence agriculture is particularly vulnerable, as smallholder farmers do not have adequate resources to adapt to climate change. While agroforestry may play a significant role in mitigating the atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG), it also has a role to play in helping smallholder farmers adapt to climate change. In this paper, we examine data on the mitigation potential of agroforestry in the humid and sub-humid tropics. We then present the scientific evidence that leads to the expectation that agroforestry also has an important role in climate change adaptation, particularly for small holder farmers. We conclude with priority research questions that need to be answered concerning the role of agroforestry in both mitigation and adaptation to climate change.     

中国的妇女劳动保护

目前我国已有女职工5260万人,50％集中在工业部门,妇女劳动保护工作十分重要。在中国注意了在保护妇女劳动权利的基础上保护妇女在生产劳动中的安全和健康,并且把保护妇女的母性机能作为妇女劳动保护的中心任务。中国有较完善的妇女劳动保护法规。在工作方法上注意了把妇女劳动保护与妇女保健密切结合起来。为做好妇女劳动保护工作,劳动部门、卫生部门、工会和妇女联合会紧密配合,共同协作,大学和科学研究机构也参与这项工作。     

Indigenous Grass Ecology and Socio-Economic Values in Swaziland

The fast-degrading land resources of Swaziland requires a multi-faceted approach to their management. One resource of utmost importance to all Swazis is grass. Grass research over the years had focused on pasture grass, while other uses have been neglected. The omission is a serious one and could be attributed to the neglect of indigenous grass knowledge and people's socio-economic values of grasses. Grass as a major resource is used for cattle feed, ecological control measures, medicinal plants and crafts. Within the study area, 46 grass species were identified and described by the local people. The neglect of the people's knowledge and utilitarian values of grass is a waste of resources. Thus, for grass research to be relevant to the people and national development objectives, research scientists should rethink their approach; they need to recognize and incorporate the indigenous knowledge about other uses of grasses.     

城市社区农贸市场空气微生物及抗生素抗性基因研究

社区农贸市场活禽交易区是城市重要的人畜交叉感染区域,区内高存量的微生物和抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)可通过粪便、冲洗水、空气等介质传播扩散。而空气介质中通过微生物气溶胶形式的传播途径,因其隐秘性、持久性的特点而对社区居民健康构成严重威胁。本文研究了深圳市某典型社区农贸市场内空气微生物及抗生素抗性基因。结果表明,活禽交易区可培养细菌浓度高达105CFU·m-3,远高于一般室内区域(103CFU·m-3),其中PM2.5精细颗粒物(0.65~3.3μm)中所含菌量占总菌量42%以上;活禽交易区空气介质中,抗生素抗性基因tet G、tet W、sul1和sul2检出率达70%以上,其绝对浓度在10~4~10~9copies·m-3之间;周边环境空气样品中,随着与活禽交易区距离的增加,空气微生物及抗生素抗性基因含量呈显著下降趋势。结果表明,农贸市场活禽交易区是微生物和抗生素抗性基因的一个重要储存库,活禽交易区空气会严重影响农贸市场及其外周边空气质量。     

农牧民参与政府主导生态建设工程的初始行为响应——以江西山江湖和青海三江源为例

使用参与式农村评估方法对江西山江湖4县(市)的508户农民和青海三江源玛多县151户牧民进行住户访谈,使用生态时限法和EXCEL统计方法理解他们对初始参与生态建设工程的响应差异。结果表明:①山江湖农民参与生态建设的直接行为体现为投工投劳参与完成政府主导的山场造林,而三江源牧民的初始直接参与则体现为以少畜或无畜牧户为主的生态移民。对农牧民被动参与生态建设的调整上,山江湖仅需要进行产权明确,让农户自行参与和收益,而三江源的牧民行为调整并不仅仅是提高安置补偿费用和年限的问题,而更多地要考虑牧民宗教习俗的变迁;②山江湖农户的间接参与是在外来力量胁迫或冲击下自身利益最大化和产生有助于山场恢复的响应,主要受制于劳动力务农机会成本提升、养殖风险增大等的驱动,而不是农户的自觉行为,而三江源牧民的间接参与主要是在政府引导下传统牧业行为发生变迁的结果,"禁牧-围栏-减畜"是适宜于草场压力减轻和不完全改变传统牧业行为的牧民间接参与的首选响应;③山江湖农民转产具有较大的主动性,是农民综合权衡农业和非农收入差距的基础上作出的理性选择,转产后的生态效应展现出山场压力的长效减轻,反弹风险降低,而三江源牧民转产则显示出很大的被动性,是政府和牧民在对"清贫富饶"博弈后,由政府主导为牧民提供培训、就业、教育等机会和优惠政策下牧民被动参与的结果。转产后草场生态好转的反弹风险较大。该研究结果有助于为集中型生态重建和减压型生态恢复的生态建设工程中农牧民参与提供更为有效的数据和思路支撑。