Local‐level governance of risk and resilience in Nepal

This paper explores the circumstances in which communities may effectively reduce risks. It draws on the example of two ‘Risk and Resilience Committees’ (RRCs) that were established in Nepal as part of an action research project: one in Panchkhal in the central region, operating as a community‐based organisation (CBO); and the other in Dhankuta in the eastern region, embedded in municipal government. In‐depth interviews were conducted with RRC members. Wider community preferences for risk reduction were examined through a questionnaire survey. In Dhankuta, the RRC obtained further funding, developed strong upward and downward institutional links, and applied a ‘disaster risk reduction lens’ to existing local government responsibilities. In Panchkhal, RRC activities have been limited by funding and have focused on the strengthening of livelihoods. It may be concluded tentatively that community‐based disaster risk reduction activities are more successful when they are institutionally embedded in local government structures.     

发电机定子冷却水管路堵塞的原因分析及处理

利用FLAC模拟了不同岩石峰后脆性条件下圆形巷道围岩的破坏区分布及能量释放规律。在计算中,采用了应变软化本构关系及"先加载,后挖洞"方式。模拟结果表明,随着峰后脆性的增加,围岩中发生破坏的单元变多,释放的弹性应变能总量增加,巷道围岩越来越难于再次达到平衡状态;尽管在一些算例中出现了沿环向发展的破坏区,但是不认为这与分区破裂化现象有关;难于采用二维的滑移线或破坏特征线解释分区破裂化现象。围岩分区破裂化现象的研究可从三维连续介质模型的空间局部化视角出发,亦可从二维颗粒体模型的颗粒相互作用机制视角出发,这两种思路都引入了二维连续介质模型中不具备的因素。     

Ethics and fundamental principles of risk acceptance criteria

Ethics are concerned with distinguishing between what actions are “right” and “wrong” and what values are “good” and “bad”, etc. and there is a long academic tradition in discussing ethics and ethical theories. Risk acceptance criteria, on the other hand, distinguish between levels of risks that are acceptable and levels that are intolerable. In some sense, one may say that risk acceptance criteria distinguishes between “good” and “bad” systems and activities with regards to the risk they expose the society or elements of a society to and there is thus an obvious link between ethics and risk acceptance criteria or to risk management at large. However, there are few references in the literature that explores this link, and in this paper, the ethical foundation of fundamental principles of risk acceptance criteria will be elaborated upon.This paper considers some important principles for establishing risk acceptance criteria for safety critical systems and activities. The various principles and the philosophies behind them might at first sight seem contradictory and exclusive, but it is demonstrated how they may coexist in one and the same regulatory regime; They may complement each other in order to achieve the overall safety objectives of society. Then, some brief considerations of the ethical foundations for the principles will be given and some relevant examples of actual risk acceptance criteria will be given from the maritime industries. However, it is believed that the principles and discussions are of general interest and apply to all areas of technical risk and to safety regulations in a broader perspective.     

区域管制在实现国家资源安全过程中的作用研究

本文分析了国家资源安全的特点 ,提出区域管制是实现国家资源安全的重要手段。认为建立资源市场 ,对自然资源进行资产化管理 ,制定资源开发利用技术标准 ,实行资源开发许可审批制度 ,采取激励政策 ,建立安全押金制度是实现国家资源安全的重要途径     

Ecological–Evolutionary Mechanisms of Biodiversity Formation in the Mountains: An Example of Caucasian Mammals

Trends in the altitudinal and sectoral structural variation of ecosystems in mountain areas are considered using an example of mammals as an important component of ecosystems. With consideration of the environment-forming ecogeographic factors, a hierarchical system of taxa reflecting the altitudinal zonal structure of ecosystems of mountain landscapes is proposed. The system includes six categories: (1) mountain ecosystem kingdom; (2) mountain land; (3) cohort of zonality types; (4) zonality type; (5) zonality subtype; and (6) variant of zonality. As a model of the mountain land taxon as a subunit of the mountain ecosystem kingdom, the theriofauna of the Caucasus is considered. The Caucasus is a unique mountain land where two cohorts of zonality types, five zonality types, two zonality subtypes, and 14 zonality variants are well defined. It is shown that the contribution of landscape sectoral heterogeneity to the formation of biological diversity in mountain territories is more substantial than that of altitudinal heterogeneity. The altitudinal zonality of mountain landscapes plays the role of a matrix of the variation of biological systems at all levels of living matter organization.     

Is Multilateralism the Future? Sustainable Development or Globalisation as ‘A Comprehensive Vision of the Future of Humanity’

This paper provides an overall evaluation of the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), which took place in Johannesburg from 26 August to 4 September 2002, in a historical perspective, against the background of earlier major United Nations conferences and General Assembly resolutions on environment and development. It focuses on the political and institutional context of the WSSD and its preparatory process and explores its policy implications for future international cooperation on sustainable development in a globalizing world. Both the results of the formal intergovernmental negotiations and the new phenomenon of partnerships for sustainable development between governments, international organizations, the private sector and other major groups are analysed. The Johannesburg Declaration and the WSSD Plan of Implementation are shown to contain little in the way of political vision, credible new commitments and innovative approaches, likely to reinvigorate the implementation of the objectives of sustainable development as formulated in Rio. Though ostensibly designed to give a new political impetus to multilateralism, the WSSD rather revealed the inadequacy of intergovernmental political governance structures to address the social and environmental consequences of economic globalization.     

Food Supply Chain Governance And Public Health Externalities: Upstream Policy Interventions And The UK State

Contemporary food supply chains are generating externalities with high economic and social costs, notably in public health terms through the rise in diet-related non-communicable disease. The UK State is developing policy strategies to tackle these public health problems alongside intergovernmental responses. However, the governance of food supply chains is conducted by, and across, both private and public spheres and within a multilevel framework. The realities of contemporary food governance are that private interests are key drivers of food supply chains and have institutionalized a great deal of standards-setting and quality, notably from their locations in the downstream and midstream sectors. The UK State is designing some downstream and some midstream interventions to ameliorate the public health impacts of current food consumption patterns in England. The UK State has not addressed upstream interventions towards public health diet at the primary food production and processing stages, although traditionally it has shaped agricultural policy. Within the realities of contemporary multilevel governance, the UK State must act within the contexts set by the international regimes of the Common Agricultural Policy and the World Trade Organization agreements, notably on agriculture. The potential for further upstream agricultural policy reform is considered as part of a wider policy approach to address the public health externalities issuing from contemporary food supply chains within this multilevel governance context.     

煤矿扇风机噪声治理及应用研究

以平顶山天安煤业股份有限公司一矿扇风机噪声治理为例,针对煤矿扇风机噪声强度大、衰减慢、治理难度大等特点,提出了一种综合治理措施,把消声、隔声、吸声等有机结合起来,使治理后的扇风机房边界噪声达到了《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》(GB 12348-2008)中的噪声限定规定,风井口处的噪声满足了《工业企业噪声控制设计规范》(GBJ 87-85)中的要求,使企业做到了达标排放。     

基于博弈论视角的美国页岩气开发环境政策分析及启示研究

受水平井技术及水力压裂技术的推动,美国实现了页岩气的规模开发和能源独立.而环境监管漏洞却成为制约美国页岩气产业发展的主要障碍.在此背景下,运用博弈论原理,构建了政府、页岩气开发商、居民三方博弈模型,给出了该模型均衡条件下的解,讨论了影响三方主体决策的主要因素.基于美国的经验,结合中国页岩气开发的实际,提出谨慎推进页岩气开发、注重页岩开发的环境评估、鼓励页岩气开发技术的创新、加强环境监管等建议.     

对中国室内环境治理的发展分析研究

随着中国经济社会的发展,人民生活水平不断提高,随之而来的是人们对生活环境的高要求,因此室内环境的治理就显得尤为重要.室内环境的治理与人们的生活息息相关,关系到人们的身体健康,这就需要对室内环境治理的发展进行研究与探讨,明确该行业的发展现状、目标、发展策略,以创造出良好的经济效益和社会效益,加快小康社会的建设.针对室内环境治理行业的发展现状,只有对行业重要性及其面临的机遇和挑战进行深入挖掘,才能促进行业不断稳健发展.