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691.
The Wicked Problem of China's Disappearing Coral Reefs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We examined the development of coral reef science and the policies, institutions, and governance frameworks for management of coral reefs in China in order to highlight the wicked problem of preserving reefs while simultaneously promoting human development and nation building. China and other sovereign states in the region are experiencing unprecedented economic expansion, rapid population growth, mass migration, widespread coastal development, and loss of habitat. We analyzed a large, fragmented literature on the condition of coral reefs in China and the disputed territories of the South China Sea. We found that coral abundance has declined by at least 80% over the past 30 years on coastal fringing reefs along the Chinese mainland and adjoining Hainan Island. On offshore atolls and archipelagos claimed by 6 countries in the South China Sea, coral cover has declined from an average of >60% to around 20% within the past 10–15 years. Climate change has affected these reefs far less than coastal development, pollution, overfishing, and destructive fishing practices. Ironically, these widespread declines in the condition of reefs are unfolding as China's research and reef‐management capacity are rapidly expanding. Before the loss of corals becomes irreversible, governance of China's coastal reefs could be improved by increasing public awareness of declining ecosystem services, by providing financial support for training of reef scientists and managers, by improving monitoring of coral reef dynamics and condition to better inform policy development, and by enforcing existing regulations that could protect coral reefs. In the South China Sea, changes in policy and legal frameworks, refinement of governance structures, and cooperation among neighboring countries are urgently needed to develop cooperative management of contested offshore reefs. El Problema Malvado de la Desaparición de los Arrecifes de Coral en China 相似文献
692.
This paper explores the circumstances in which communities may effectively reduce risks. It draws on the example of two ‘Risk and Resilience Committees’ (RRCs) that were established in Nepal as part of an action research project: one in Panchkhal in the central region, operating as a community‐based organisation (CBO); and the other in Dhankuta in the eastern region, embedded in municipal government. In‐depth interviews were conducted with RRC members. Wider community preferences for risk reduction were examined through a questionnaire survey. In Dhankuta, the RRC obtained further funding, developed strong upward and downward institutional links, and applied a ‘disaster risk reduction lens’ to existing local government responsibilities. In Panchkhal, RRC activities have been limited by funding and have focused on the strengthening of livelihoods. It may be concluded tentatively that community‐based disaster risk reduction activities are more successful when they are institutionally embedded in local government structures. 相似文献
693.
Erik Vanem 《Safety Science》2012,50(4):958-967
Ethics are concerned with distinguishing between what actions are “right” and “wrong” and what values are “good” and “bad”, etc. and there is a long academic tradition in discussing ethics and ethical theories. Risk acceptance criteria, on the other hand, distinguish between levels of risks that are acceptable and levels that are intolerable. In some sense, one may say that risk acceptance criteria distinguishes between “good” and “bad” systems and activities with regards to the risk they expose the society or elements of a society to and there is thus an obvious link between ethics and risk acceptance criteria or to risk management at large. However, there are few references in the literature that explores this link, and in this paper, the ethical foundation of fundamental principles of risk acceptance criteria will be elaborated upon.This paper considers some important principles for establishing risk acceptance criteria for safety critical systems and activities. The various principles and the philosophies behind them might at first sight seem contradictory and exclusive, but it is demonstrated how they may coexist in one and the same regulatory regime; They may complement each other in order to achieve the overall safety objectives of society. Then, some brief considerations of the ethical foundations for the principles will be given and some relevant examples of actual risk acceptance criteria will be given from the maritime industries. However, it is believed that the principles and discussions are of general interest and apply to all areas of technical risk and to safety regulations in a broader perspective. 相似文献
694.
区域管制在实现国家资源安全过程中的作用研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文分析了国家资源安全的特点 ,提出区域管制是实现国家资源安全的重要手段。认为建立资源市场 ,对自然资源进行资产化管理 ,制定资源开发利用技术标准 ,实行资源开发许可审批制度 ,采取激励政策 ,建立安全押金制度是实现国家资源安全的重要途径 相似文献
695.
Trends in the altitudinal and sectoral structural variation of ecosystems in mountain areas are considered using an example of mammals as an important component of ecosystems. With consideration of the environment-forming ecogeographic factors, a hierarchical system of taxa reflecting the altitudinal zonal structure of ecosystems of mountain landscapes is proposed. The system includes six categories: (1) mountain ecosystem kingdom; (2) mountain land; (3) cohort of zonality types; (4) zonality type; (5) zonality subtype; and (6) variant of zonality. As a model of the mountain land taxon as a subunit of the mountain ecosystem kingdom, the theriofauna of the Caucasus is considered. The Caucasus is a unique mountain land where two cohorts of zonality types, five zonality types, two zonality subtypes, and 14 zonality variants are well defined. It is shown that the contribution of landscape sectoral heterogeneity to the formation of biological diversity in mountain territories is more substantial than that of altitudinal heterogeneity. The altitudinal zonality of mountain landscapes plays the role of a matrix of the variation of biological systems at all levels of living matter organization. 相似文献
696.
Marc Pallemaerts 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2003,5(1-2):275-295
This paper provides an overall evaluation of the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), which took place in Johannesburg from 26 August to 4 September 2002, in a historical perspective, against the background of earlier major United Nations conferences and General Assembly resolutions on environment and development. It focuses on the political and institutional context of the WSSD and its preparatory process and explores its policy implications for future international cooperation on sustainable development in a globalizing world. Both the results of the formal intergovernmental negotiations and the new phenomenon of partnerships for sustainable development between governments, international organizations, the private sector and other major groups are analysed. The Johannesburg Declaration and the WSSD Plan of Implementation are shown to contain little in the way of political vision, credible new commitments and innovative approaches, likely to reinvigorate the implementation of the objectives of sustainable development as formulated in Rio. Though ostensibly designed to give a new political impetus to multilateralism, the WSSD rather revealed the inadequacy of intergovernmental political governance structures to address the social and environmental consequences of economic globalization. 相似文献
697.
Food Supply Chain Governance And Public Health Externalities: Upstream Policy Interventions And The UK State 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David Barling 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(3):285-300
Contemporary food supply chains are generating externalities with high economic and social costs, notably in public health
terms through the rise in diet-related non-communicable disease. The UK State is developing policy strategies to tackle these
public health problems alongside intergovernmental responses. However, the governance of food supply chains is conducted by,
and across, both private and public spheres and within a multilevel framework. The realities of contemporary food governance
are that private interests are key drivers of food supply chains and have institutionalized a great deal of standards-setting
and quality, notably from their locations in the downstream and midstream sectors. The UK State is designing some downstream and some midstream interventions to ameliorate the public health impacts of current food consumption patterns in England. The UK State has not
addressed upstream interventions towards public health diet at the primary food production and processing stages, although traditionally it
has shaped agricultural policy. Within the realities of contemporary multilevel governance, the UK State must act within the
contexts set by the international regimes of the Common Agricultural Policy and the World Trade Organization agreements, notably
on agriculture. The potential for further upstream agricultural policy reform is considered as part of a wider policy approach
to address the public health externalities issuing from contemporary food supply chains within this multilevel governance
context. 相似文献
698.
以平顶山天安煤业股份有限公司一矿扇风机噪声治理为例,针对煤矿扇风机噪声强度大、衰减慢、治理难度大等特点,提出了一种综合治理措施,把消声、隔声、吸声等有机结合起来,使治理后的扇风机房边界噪声达到了《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》(GB 12348-2008)中的噪声限定规定,风井口处的噪声满足了《工业企业噪声控制设计规范》(GBJ 87-85)中的要求,使企业做到了达标排放。 相似文献
699.
受水平井技术及水力压裂技术的推动,美国实现了页岩气的规模开发和能源独立.而环境监管漏洞却成为制约美国页岩气产业发展的主要障碍.在此背景下,运用博弈论原理,构建了政府、页岩气开发商、居民三方博弈模型,给出了该模型均衡条件下的解,讨论了影响三方主体决策的主要因素.基于美国的经验,结合中国页岩气开发的实际,提出谨慎推进页岩气开发、注重页岩开发的环境评估、鼓励页岩气开发技术的创新、加强环境监管等建议. 相似文献
700.
随着中国经济社会的发展,人民生活水平不断提高,随之而来的是人们对生活环境的高要求,因此室内环境的治理就显得尤为重要.室内环境的治理与人们的生活息息相关,关系到人们的身体健康,这就需要对室内环境治理的发展进行研究与探讨,明确该行业的发展现状、目标、发展策略,以创造出良好的经济效益和社会效益,加快小康社会的建设.针对室内环境治理行业的发展现状,只有对行业重要性及其面临的机遇和挑战进行深入挖掘,才能促进行业不断稳健发展. 相似文献