Effectiveness of management zoning designed for flagship species in protecting sympatric species

Flagship species have been used widely as umbrella species (i.e., species with large home range whose protection often provides protection for sympatric species) in the management of China's nature reserves. This conflation of flagship and umbrella species is best represented by the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and other large, endangered mammals designated as conservation targets in site selection and planning of reserves. Few empirical studies have tested the effectiveness of flagship species as surrogates for a broader range of sympatric species. Using extensive camera-trap data, we examined the effectiveness of management zones designated to protect flagship (target) species in conserving sympatric species in 4 wildlife reserves (Gutianshan, Changqing, Laohegou, and Wolong). We tested whether the progression from peripheral to core zones was associated with an increasing habitat association for both target and sympatric species. The distribution patterns of the study species across the zones in each reserve indicated a disparity between management zones and the species’ habitat requirements. Management zone was included in the final model for all target species, and most of them had higher occurrence in core zones relative to less-protected zones, but zone was not a predictor for most of the sympatric species. When management zone was associated with the occurrence of sympatric species, threatened species generally had higher detections in core zones, whereas common species had higher detections outside of the core zone. Our results suggested that reserve planning based on flagship species does not adequately protect sympatric species due to their specialized habitat requirements. We recommend re-examining the effectiveness of management zoning and urge a multispecies and reserve-wide monitoring plan to improve protection of China's wildlife.     

基于实测高光谱数据的太湖悬浮物浓度与透明度分区

通过实地测量太湖水体的反射光谱和表层水质,利用实测数据以及水-气界面辐射传输模型计算其遥感反射率,并根据太湖的实际水质状况将其划分为3个区域,分别分析太湖总体和分区的反射光谱曲线,建立太湖不同区域水体悬浮物浓度和透明度的反演模型。结果表明,就悬浮物浓度和透明度而言,太湖3个区域中以东太湖水质最佳,贡湖、梅梁湖和竺山湖次之,南部和西部最差;对太湖进行分区研究能够更好地反应太湖水质的差异性,拟合各区域的水质状况,分区模型精度较全湖区模型高,误差也普遍较小,能够提高研究结果的可信度和可行性。     

综合危险性指数法在东港区地质灾害易发区划分中的应用

本文考虑了引发地质灾害发生的自然因素和人为因素,选用了影响地质灾害发生的地质条件、地形地貌条件、气候植被条件、人为条件、地质灾害规模、分布密度、活动频次、险情这8个因素作为地质灾害综合危险性指数法的评价因子,对东港区的地质灾害进行易发定量评价,将东港区划分为地质灾害高、中、低和非易发区四个等级。     

广州市声环境功能区划及其实施管理的对策建议研究

2014年12月,环境保护部与国家质量监督检验检疫总局联合发布《声环境功能区划分技术规范》,该规范在声环境功能区划分的思路上有了重大变化.文章以此为背景,在归纳总结广州市目前区划存在的问题及划定需求、分析该规范对声环境功能区划分的新要求的基础上,吸收借鉴国内先进城市经验,提出广州市进行新一轮声环境功能区划及其实施管理应覆盖广州全域,建立区划电子地图,实现区划精细化、电子化、动态化管理,并制定配套的管理政策,以便更好地为声环境管理服务.     

滦县地面塌陷成因类型及稳定性分区

地面塌陷是滦县地质灾害的主要类型之一,地面塌陷灾害孕灾环境复杂,致灾因子多样,承灾体脆弱,灾害后果严重。人为因素是地面塌陷的主要诱发因素。本文通过对滦县地区由开采铁矿和岩溶作用引起的塌陷现状进行了深入的调查分析,并在此基础上进行了地面塌陷的稳定性区划,为滦县地区地面塌陷灾害的综合防治提供了科学的依据。     

西南地区公路洪灾孕灾环境分区

以西南地区公路洪灾为研究对象，在孕灾因子分析基础上构建由6个因子组成的孕灾环境分区指标体系，利用层次分析和专家效度相耦合方法确定各指标权重，采用综合指数法建立孕灾环境综合指数评价模型。在ArcGIS软件平台支持下获取各评价指标数据，并计算得到各网格孕灾环境综合指数值，以县级行政区为单位进行公路洪灾孕灾等级区的划分。研究表明：西南地区孕育公路洪灾发生的环境条件较充分，孕灾环境综合指数值在3313~7746，孕灾分区主要集中在中易发区和高易发区，其中高易发区占整个研究区面积的5718%，中易发区占4039%，低易发区占243%，公路管理部门在汛期防治洪灾的任务较繁重     

北沙河上游流域氮、磷污染风险空间分布特征解析

非点源污染是全球水环境污染治理面临的严峻挑战之一,氮（N）、磷（P）污染是非点源污染重要的组成部分,解析N、P污染风险空间分布特征是非点源污染治理的关键.本研究以北沙河上游流域为例,采用输出系数法综合估算区域不同土地利用类型、畜禽养殖和居民生活的N、P污染负荷,将其视为污染源因子指标以替代潜在非点源污染指数（Potential Non-point Pollution Indicator,PNPI）模型中的土地利用指标,利用改进后的PNPI模型解析该流域N、P污染风险空间分布特征.结果表明：(1)研究区N、P污染风险皆呈东南部居民区高、西北部山区低的空间分布特征;(2)P污染主要源自居民生活,N污染主要源自土地利用输出,各土地利用类型中耕地输出的N、P污染量最多;(3)N、P污染极低风险区面积占比最大,面积占比分别为59%和56%,极高风险区面积占比最小,分别为5%和3%.研究结果有望为北沙河上游流域非点源N、P污染防治提供依据,为流域综合治理提供参考.     

自然灾害研究的几个问题

本文从分析自然灾害的定义、种类入手,论述了灾害链、灾害的群发性及自然灾害对社会的影响,并就自然灾害的综合区划、影响评价和预测的研究作了概述。     

Eclogites with a short-lived granulite facies overprint in the Moldanubian Zone, Czech Republic: petrology, geochemistry and diffusion modelling of garnet zoning

The petrology and geochemistry of a newly discovered suite of high-pressure garnet + clinopyroxene-bearing rocks from the Monotonous Series of the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif, southwest Czech Republic have been investigated. Three types [common eclogites, quartz ± kyanite ± (clino)zoisite eclogites and garnet-hornblende-clinopyroxenites] are distinguished by petrography and geochemistry. All underwent a significant degree of partial breakdown under granulite and amphibolite facies conditions during exhumation. Important features include the growth of orthopyroxene in breakdown domains after garnet and omphacite and anorthite + spinel ± corundum ± exceedingly peraluminous sapphirine replacing kyanite. Garnet zoning and inclusion patterns support a prograde evolution from low pressures for at least some of the samples. The post-eclogite stage granulite facies overprint indicates that high temperatures prevailed during exhumation, but preservation of zoning in some garnets and the results of diffusion modelling suggest that this overprint took place over a very short time-scale. The geochemical and petrological results allow characteristic differences to be recognized between these eclogites and metabasites found in other tectonic units of South Bohemia and consequently the assigning of all high-pressure rocks to a single, now disrupted, tectonic unit is a gross simplification that seriously misrepresents the tectono-metamorphic history of the region.     

内蒙古农牧交错带粮豆种植风险评估

以典型农牧交错带巴林左旗为例，以历年减产率指标、减产率变异系数指标、风险指数指标和综合风险指标等为评估标准，分析了评估巴林左旗粮豆单产的风险分布规律。结果表明，多数灾年的减产率在45％以下，从而得出一般性减产年份较多，而重灾或绝收年份较少的结论。根据气候相似性原理，结合小网格资源推算的方法，利用GIS技术，进行了粮豆种植的风险评估与区划，指出该地区风险分布具有北部高、南部低的连片性分布特点。同时对影响粮豆产量波动的风险成因进行了评估，得出南北部气候条件的差异和气象灾害的频繁发生是引起该地区粮豆产量波动的主要因素。