北京水灾及其社会影响

北京在历史上曾发生多次重大水灾,给人民生命财产、城市建设及社会安定带来了巨大影响。形成水灾的主要因素是永定河决口泛溢和区域雨涝。现从大量的历史文献中列举几个实例,来看水灾的严重程度及其影响后果。     

Density functional theory (DFT) studies of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts

Based on density functional theory (DFT) and basic structure models, the chemical reactions on the surface of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification catalysts were summarized. Reasonable structural models (non-periodic and periodic structural models) are the basis of density functional calculations. A periodic structure model was more appropriate to represent the catalyst surface, and its theoretical calculation results were more comparable with the experimental results than a non-periodic model. It is generally believed that the SCR mechanism where NH₃ and NO react to produce N₂ and H₂O follows an Eley-Rideal type mechanism. NH₂NO was found to be an important intermediate in the SCR reaction, with multiple production routes. Simultaneously, the effects of H₂O, SO₂ and metal on SCR catalysts were also summarized.     

Measurement of respiration amount of white birch(Betula platyphylla) population in the mountainousregion of Beijing

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Prediction of the concentration of chlorophyll-α for Liuhai urban lakes in Beijing City

Introduction The eutrophication of fresh w ater has becom e a m ain w ater environm ental problem in the w orld. The m ain negative im pacts of fresh w ater eutrophication are w ater quality deterioration and the decrease of hydrophytes and aquatic specie…     

Water pricing towards sustainability of water resources: a case study in Beijing

The role of water pricing for managing water resources is widely recognized in many areas of the world because of the increasing scarcity of water resources, a high competition between water uses and environmental degradation. Based on the analysis of cost of water, this paper explores which types of cost should be reflected in the water pricing enhancing the sustainability of water resources. The principle of full cost pricing in which the cost should include supply cost, opportunity cost and externalities is proposed as a means to achieve the sustainability of water resources. In a case study of Beijing, low water price is analyzed as one reason for unsustainable water consumption. Thus water pricing justified is necessary and pressing. It is proposed to justify water price in phased manner and eventually towards full cost pricing. The assessment of impacts on water resources by raising water price shows water pricing could alleviate the conflict between water supply and demand. This paper concludes that water pricing can play an effective role in enhancing the sustainability of water resources in Beijing.     

Field measurements of dissociation of ammonium nitrate at a Beijing site

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北京市公园土壤铜、铅含量及化学形态分布特征

对北京市的12个公园进行表层、深层土壤样品的重金属Cu、Pb含量分析,并对其中10个公园的表层、深层土壤样品进行Cu、Pb的化学形态分析。研究结果表明:北京市部分公园的深层土壤已在某种程度上受到人为扰动,大多数公园表层土壤中存在着一定的Cu、Pb含量积累现象,总体上市区公园比郊区公园明显。公园表层、深层土壤中Cu形态分布的总体规律均为残渣晶格态>有机结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,表层、深层土壤中Pb形态分布的总体规律均为残渣晶格态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,但表层土壤中活性态Cu、Pb的平均比例较深层土壤均有所上升,部分市区公园表层土壤中Cu、Pb的含量较高且活性态比例较大,具有一定的释放潜力和生物有效性。     

北京市耕地面积变化趋势预测及保护对策研究

耕地资源是人类生存和发展最重要的物质基础，也是不可再生的稀缺资源。特别是北京这样的国际大都市，人地矛盾十分突出，每寸土地都显得弥足珍贵。基于1996-2005年北京市的耕地面积数据，利用灰色模型预测方法建立GM（1，1）模型，对北京市2006-2010年的耕地面积变化趋势进行预测。预测结果显示，北京市耕地面积在未来几年内将呈现出持续减少的趋势，2010年耕地面积将比1996年减少约1／2。针对这种趋势和北京市的实际情况，提出了相应的耕地保护对策。     

京津冀生态涵养区生态规划思路与实施路径研究

生态规划是在调查分析区域内各生态因子的空间分异和承载力,分析人为活动对该区域的影响以及调控方向,为区域资源开发与环境保护提供决策依据,促进区域内自然系统与人类社会和谐发展.科学制定张承地区的生态规划,是建设京津冀生态涵养区的重要支撑.但是目前张家口市生态规划存在专门研究文献非常少、缺乏对微地形的考虑和分析、政府重视程度不够等多个层面的问题.做好张家口市生态规划,要坚持"生态优先、绿色发展"的原则,必须落脚到京津冀协同发展的大政方针,注重京津冀生态系统的整体性特征;必须要紧密结合张家口市当前面临的建成可再生能源示范区、京张联合举办冬奥会等多个发展节点.     

北京市近郊区土壤砷累积特征

城市近郊区土地利用类型多元化,同时也承载着巨大环境压力,研究近郊区土壤污染特征对城市规划及发展有着重要意义.通过3 km×3 km网格布点,系统采样调查了北京市近郊区5～6环路之间167个样点的0～20 cm表层土壤样品中砷的含量,分析了城市近郊区土壤砷的累积特征.结果表明,北京市近郊区土壤砷含量为2.89～11.38 mg.kg-1,平均值为7.11mg.kg-1.平均值在90年代末的背景值调查数据的范围之内,但是各个分位数级别的值均小于80年代初的北京市土壤背景值调查数据.因子分析结果发现北京市近郊区土壤砷与来源于成土母质的Co、Mn和Ni元素一组.克里格插值得到的北京市近郊区土壤砷含量空间分布图表明,西北与东部及东南部分土壤砷含量较东北和西南部高,砷含量最高25%的土壤样点与点源污染有关,而砷含量最低25%的样点大多远离污染源.不同土地利用类型土壤砷的比较结果表明人类活动在一定程度上影响土壤中砷的累积,生活区与农田土壤砷含量相似且显著大于绿地和荒地.污染源对生活区和绿地与荒地土壤中砷的累积有显著影响,工厂区附近的土壤砷含量显著比远离工厂区和交通区的土壤高.因此,北京市近郊区土壤砷在整体空间分布上主要与成土母质有关,然而人类活动在一定程度上也显著增加了土壤砷的累积.