用线性分配法评价重庆主城区排水系统方案

根据综合评价的目的及要求，建立了重庆主城区排水系统方案的评价体系，并用线性分配法对诸方案进行了综合评价。     

自然条件下石羊河终闾湖泊模拟研究

石羊河流域史前曾存在大面积的终闾湖泊---猪野泽。自西汉开拓河西以后的两千多年以来,受人类活动影响,石羊河流域土地覆盖发生了显著的变化。灌溉农田取代了天然绿洲,而且面积逐步扩大,农业用水急剧增加,猪野泽逐渐退缩成许多小湖,并于近代干涸。在假设人类活动（主要是灌溉）对水资源未加利用的条件下（理想状态）,通过确定流域的水量收支和改进水量平衡模型,对石羊河流域现代自然条件下“终闾湖”的面积进行了模拟重建,得出现代终闾湖的面积至少应为５８０ｋｍ^２。     

BIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SELECTED CONSERVATION PRACTICES ON SOIL EROSION AND FRESHWATER FISHERIES1

ABSTRACT: Farmers can generate environmental benefits (improved water quality and fisheries and wildlife habitat), but they may not be able to quantify them. Furthermore, farmers may reduce their incomes from managing lands to produce these positive externalities but receive little monetary compensation in return. This study simulated the relationship between agricultural practices, water quality, fish responses to suspended sediment and farm income within two small watersheds, one of a cool water stream and one of a warm water stream. Using the Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport (ADAPT) model, this study related best management practices (BMPs) to calculated instream suspended sediment concentrations by estimating sediment delivery, runoff, base flow, and streambank erosion to quantify the effects of suspended sediment exposure on fish communities. By implementing selected BMPs in each watershed, annual net farm income declined $18,000 to $28,000 (1 to 3 percent) from previous levels. “Lethal” fish events from suspended sediments in the cool water watershed decreased by 60 percent as conservation tillage and riparian buffers increased. Despite reducing suspended sediments by 25 percent, BMPs in the warm water watershed did not reduce the negative response of the fisheries. Differences in responses (physical and biological) between watersheds highlight potential gains in economic efficiency by targeting BMPs or by offering performance based “green payments.”     

Organochlorine pesticides in soil under irrigated cotton farming systems in Vertisols of the Namoi Valley, north-western New South Wales, Australia

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as DDT and DDE have been detected in the surface 0.2 m of Vertisols in the lower Namoi Valley of north western New South Wales, Australia even though they have not been applied to crops since 1982. However, their presence in the deeper soil horizons has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine if OCPs were present to a depth of 1.2 m in Vertisols under irrigated cotton farming systems in the lower Namoi Valley of New South Wales. Soil was sampled from the 0-1.2 m depths in three sites, viz. the Australian Cotton Research Institute, ACRI, near Narrabri (149°36′E, 30°12′S), and two cotton farms near Wee Waa (149°27′E, 30°13′S) and Merah North (149°18′E, 30°12′S) in northern New South Wales, Australia. The OCPs detected and their metabolites were α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, DDD, DDE, DDT and endrin. The metabolite DDE, a breakdown product of DDT, was the most persistent OCP in all depths analysed. Endosulfan sulphate was the second most persistent followed by endrin > α-endosulfan > β-endosulfan > DDT and DDD. DDT was sprayed extensively in the lower Namoi Valley up to the early 1980s and may explain the persistence of DDE in the majority of soil samples. Dicofol and Dieldrin, two OCPs previously undocumented in Vertisols were also detected. The movement of OCPs into the subsoil of Vertisols may occur when irrigation or rain transports soil colloids and organic matter via preferential flow systems into the deeper layers of a soil profile. Persistence of OCPs was closely correlated to soil organic carbon concentrations. The persistence in soil of OCP’s applied to cotton crops grown more than two decades ago suggests that they could enter the food chain. Their presence at depths of 1.2 m suggests that they could move into groundwater that may eventually be used for domestic and stock consumption.     

Response of Fish and Macroinvertebrate Bioassessment Indices to Water Chemistry in a Mined Appalachian Watershed

Multimetric indices based on fish and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages are commonly used to assess the biological integrity of aquatic ecosystems. However, their response to specific stressors is rarely known. We quantified the response of a fish-based index (Mid-Atlantic Highlands Index of Biotic Integrity, MAH-IBI) and a benthic invertebrate-based index (West Virginia Stream Condition Index, WV-SCI) to acid mine drainage (AMD)-related stressors in 46 stream sites within the Cheat River watershed, West Virginia. We also identified specific stressor concentrations at which biological impairment was always or never observed. Water chemistry was extremely variable among tributaries of the Cheat River, and the WV-SCI was highly responsive across a range of AMD stressor levels. Furthermore, impairment to macroinvertebrate communities was observed at relatively low stressor concentrations, especially when compared to state water quality standards. In contrast to the WV-SCI, we found that the MAH-IBI was significantly less responsive to local water quality conditions. Low fish diversity was observed in several streams that possessed relatively good water quality. This pattern was especially pronounced in highly degraded subwatersheds, suggesting that regional conditions may have a strong influence on fish assemblages in this system. Our results indicate that biomonitoring programs in mined watersheds should include both benthic invertebrates, which are consistent indicators of local conditions, and fishes, which may be indicators of regional conditions. In addition, remediation programs must address the full suite of chemical constituents in AMD and focus on improving linkages among streams within drainage networks to ensure recovery of invertebrate and fish assemblages. Future research should identify the precise chemical conditions necessary to maintain biological integrity in mined Appalachian watersheds.     

Modelling the impacts of land-use and drainage density on the water balance of a lowland–floodplain landscape in northeast Germany

This study presents the modelling approach and impact assessment of different strategies for managing wetland water resources and groundwater dynamics of landscapes which are characterised by the hydrological interactions of floodplains and the adjacent lowlands. The assessment of such impacts is based on the analysis of simulation results of complex scenarios of land-use changes and changes of the density of the drainage-network. The method has been applied to the 198 km² Lower Havel River catchment as a typical example of a lowland–floodplain landscape. The model used consists of a coupled soil water and groundwater model, where the latter one is additionally coupled to the surface channel network. Thus, the hydrological processes of the variable saturated soil zone as well as lateral groundwater flow and the interactions between surface water and groundwater are simulated in an integrated manner. The model was validated for several years of significantly different meteorological conditions. The comparison of lateral and vertical water balance components showed the dominance of lateral flow processes and the importance of the interactions between surface water and groundwater for the overall water balance and the hydrological state of that type of landscape.The simulation of land-use change scenarios showed only minor effects of land-use change on the water balance and groundwater recharge. Changes of groundwater recharge were particularly small within the wetland areas being part of the floodplain where interactions between surface water and groundwater are most pronounced. Alterations in vertical groundwater recharge were counter-balanced by the lateral interaction between groundwater and surface water. More significant deviations in groundwater recharge and storage were observed in the more peripheral areas towards the catchment boundaries which are characterised by greater groundwater distance from the surface and less intense of ground water–surface water interactions.However, the simulation results assuming a coarsening of the drainage network density showed the importance of drainage structure and geometry for the water balance: The removal of the artificial draining ditches in the floodplain would result in significant alterations of total groundwater recharge, i.e., less recharge from winter to early summer and an increase of groundwater recharge during summer and autumn. Furthermore the different effects of groundwater recharge alterations on the dynamics of groundwater stages within the wetland areas close to the floodplains compared to the more peripheral areas could be quantified. Finally, it will be discussed that a well-adjusted co-ordination of different management measures is required to reach a sustainable water resources management of such lowland–floodplain landscapes.     

煤层气区域开发环境影响和管理研究

煤层气开发激励政策和规划的实施,使其区域化和商业化开发将逐步展开。煤层气区域开发有别于常规天然气,主要表现为井网密度大、疏水降压排采和加压集输。大量煤层排水可能污染地表水、降低地下水位、影响水生态、土壤侵蚀等;井网密度大意味着要建设更多的井场、道路、管线、集气压缩站等,则单位面积地表扰动大,导致景观生态破碎化和生态退化等;煤层气压缩机增压集输、其它油气田重型机械、增加的交通流量影响区域声环境质量;压缩机燃气废气、煤层气放空、扬尘对区域大气环境质量产生影响。针对煤层气开发环境问题的特殊性,提出煤层气开发应以水平井为主减少地表扰动。我国水资源极度缺乏,对煤层排水应合理处置,淡水应考虑综合利用,高矿化度水应考虑回注地下。     

家庭卫生间排水节水系统的设计

基于“分质分级排水节水”设计思想,提出了一种家庭卫生闯排水节水系统。该系统通过三洗水（洗衣水、洗手水、洗澡水）与便器、拖把冲洗水的串联与并联,从而实现不同水质分级排水,达到”废、污分流,分质排水”。整个系统采用自动控制,兼顾室内装修设计,可以二级排水,使废水得到充分利用,能够实现节约用水、减少排污的目的．具有较高的实用价值。     

黑河流域水汽输送及收支特征

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料对黑河流域的水汽输送和收支特征进行了计算分析,结果表明:西风环流使得源于大西洋和北冰洋的水汽成为黑河流域空中水汽的主要来源,流域内水汽输送以自西向东的纬向输送为主,东边界输出强度强于西边界输入强度,纬向净输入量为负;经向输送为自北向南且在强度上不及纬向输送,北边界输入强度强于南边界输出强度,经向净输入量为正。700 hPa气层流域南部的水汽辐合辐散特征随季节变化显著,冬季为水汽辐散区,夏季为水汽辐合区;流域北部没有明显的水汽辐合辐散特征。全流域多年平均水汽输入量为997.3 km³,输出量为1 046.1 km³,净输入量-48.8 km³,20世纪60年代中期以后流域水汽净输入量呈现增加趋势。黑河流域北部荒漠区年内各季均为水汽输出期,中低层大气(地面~500 hPa)为主要的水汽输出层;南部山区年内6-9月为水汽输入期,低层大气(地面~700 hPa)为水汽输入层,中高层大气(700~300 hPa)为水汽输出层。据大气水平衡原理,黑河流域多年平均蒸发量约为84 km³。     

流域农业面源污染动态监控系统的建立和运行

提出建立农业面源污染动态监控系统的技术构思,构筑了“辽宁省农业面源污染动态监控系统”的功能及运行机制的构架,阐述了推进此动态监控系统完善的研究方案与系统实施的保证措施。