Levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the critically endangered Iberian lynx and other sympatric carnivores in Spain

Accumulation of organochlorine compounds is well studied in aquatic food chains whereas little information is available from terrestrial food chains. This study presents data of organochlorine levels in tissue and plasma samples of 15 critically endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) and other 55 wild carnivores belonging to five species from three natural areas of Spain (Doñana National Park, Sierra Morena and Lozoya River) and explores their relationship with species diet. The Iberian lynx, with a diet based on the consumption of rabbit, had lower PCB levels (geometric means, plasma: <0.01 ng mL⁻¹, liver: 0.4 ng g⁻¹ wet weight, fat: 87 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight) than other carnivores with more anthropic and opportunistic foraging behavior, such as the red fox (Vulpes vulpes; plasma: 1.11 ng mL⁻¹, liver: 459 ng g⁻¹, fat: 1984 ng g⁻¹), or with diets including reptiles at higher proportion, such as the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon; plasma: 7.15 ng mL⁻¹, liver: 216 ng g⁻¹, fat: 540 ng g⁻¹), or the common genet (Genetta genetta; liver: 466 ng g⁻¹, fat: 3854 ng g⁻¹). Chlorinated pesticides showed interspecific variations similar to PCBs. Organochlorine levels have declined since the 80s in carnivores from Doñana National Park, but PCB levels are still of concern in Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra; liver: 3873-5426 ng g⁻¹) from the industrialized region of Madrid.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定饮用水中消毒副产物卤代腈

采用顶空加盐气相色谱-质谱法检测饮用水中的消毒副产物氯乙腈、二氯乙腈和三氯乙腈,并对样品前处理方法及GC/MS仪器条件进行优化,使得3种卤代腈在5．00μg/L ～80．0μg/L 范围内线性良好,方法检出限分别为2．52μg/L、1．02μg/L和1．57μg/L。空白水样的加标回收率为75．9％～94．1％, RSD为3．6％～6．2％。     

珠三角表层沉积物的有机碳及其与卤系阻燃剂的关系

测定了珠江三角洲130个表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)和10类卤系阻燃剂(HFRs)的含量,并探讨了TOC与HFRs之间的关系.结果表明:珠三角表层沉积物TOC范围为0.16％～5.76％,平均值为1.25％,呈现明显的空间变化.在工业化程度较高的东莞和广州,沉积物中HFRs与TOC有显著的相关性,而西江和珠江口沉积物中HFRs与TOC的相关性较差,可能与珠江三角洲水动力过程、电子垃圾拆解活动和HFRs不同的来源有关.     

水体中磺胺甲唑间接光降解作用

间接光降解是水体药物类污染物的主要去除途径之一,而有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是间接光降解的主要参与者.CDOM经过光照作用后产生大量活性中间体,与药物类污染物进行反应,完成间接光降解.本文着重研究了4种来源不同的CDOM对磺胺甲噁唑(SMZ)的间接光解作用和影响因素.结果表明,CDOM对于SMZ具有显著间接光降解作用,这种间接光降解具有双重性,既可以通过生成各种活性中间体来促进SMZ的间接光降解,又可以通过光屏蔽作用以及活性中间体掩蔽作用抑制SMZ的光降解.SMZ的间接光降解主要由CDOM产生的3CDOM*、HO·、1O2等活性中间体控制,其中3CDOM*为SMZ间接光降解的主要参与者.另外,pH、盐度和硝酸根离子对SMZ的间接光降解均具有显著影响作用,而碳酸氢根离子对于SMZ间接光降解的影响作用不明显.     

UV和UV/H2O2工艺对水中二嗪磷的降解

在低压汞灯（LPUV,253.7nm）光照条件下,研究了过氧化氢（H₂O₂）加入量对二嗪磷降解动力学、产物生成和降解途径的影响规律与作用机理.结果表明,二嗪磷水溶液在单独UV和UV/H₂O₂工艺中的降解反应均符合准一级反应动力学,且反应速率常数（k）随H₂O₂加入量的增加而增大,H₂O₂加入量为0,5,10mg/L时的k分别为0.0234,0.0301,0.0341min-1.在UV光照处理条件下,二嗪磷水溶液中的溶解性有机碳（DOC）随H₂O₂加入量的增加而降低,但其矿化度均相对较低（光照120min时的DOC去除率均低于20%）.此外,UV光照处理时,H₂O₂的加入对二嗪磷光氧化降解产物的种类及生成量均存在显著影响.二嗪磷水溶液单独UV光照处理60min时检出了8种中间/降解产物,但经UV/H₂O₂工艺处理60min时仅检出了6种中间/降解产物,且不同H₂O₂加入量时的光氧化降解产物生成量或浓度及随UV光照处理时间的变化幅度与趋势均存在较大程度的差别.基于二嗪磷及其降解产物的定性、（半）定量分析结果,提出了二嗪磷水溶液在单独UV和UV/H₂O₂工艺中的降解途径与机理.     

水体中布洛芬的间接光降解作用机理研究

为阐明布洛芬（IBP）在海水中的间接光降解机理,研究了4种不同来源的溶解有机物（DOM）以及溶液初始pH值、盐度、NO₃^-和HCO₃^-对IBP间接光降解的影响.结果表明,4种DOM均可促进IBP的间接光降解作用,降解过程符合准一级反应动力学,4种DOM对IBP间接光降解的促进效果从大到小为：腐殖酸（JKHA） > Suwannee河腐殖酸（SRHA） > Suwannee河富里酸（SRFA） > Suwannee河天然有机物（SRNOM）.DOM主要通过产生活性自由基促进IBP的间接光降解过程,其中¹O₂和·OH的作用较显著.在初始pH5~11的范围内,IBP的光降解速率先降低后增加,在pH5时最快.盐度、NO₃^-和HCO₃^-初始浓度的增加均会促进IBP的间接光降解.     

Catalytic reduction for water treatment

Treating water contaminants via heterogeneously catalyzed reduction reaction is a subject of growing interest due to its good activity and superior selectivity compared to conventional technology, yielding products that are non-toxic or substantially less toxic. This article reviews the application of catalytic reduction as a progressive approach to treat different types of contaminants in water, which covers hydrodehalogenation for wastewater treatment and hydrogenation of nitrate/nitrite for groundwater remediation. For hydrodehalogenation, an overview of the existing treatment technologies is provided with an assessment of the advantages of catalytic reduction over the conventional methodologies. Catalyst design for feasible catalytic reactions is considered with a critical analysis of the pertinent literature. For hydrogenation, hydrogenation of nitrate/nitrite contaminants in water is mainly focused. Several important nitrate reduction catalysts are discussed relating to their preparation method and catalytic performance. In addition, novel approach of catalytic reduction using in situ synthesized H₂ evolved from water splitting reaction is illustrated. Finally, the challenges and perspective for the extensive application of catalytic reduction technology in water treatment are discussed. This review provides key information to our community to apply catalytic reduction approach for water treatment.

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Chlorobenzene degradation by electro-heterogeneous catalysis in aqueous solution: intermediates and reaction mechanism

This study was performed to investigate the variables that influence chlorobenzene (CB) degradation in aqueous solution by electro-heterogeneous catalysis.The effects of current density,pH,and electrolyte concentration on CB degradation were determined.The degradation effciency of CB was almost 100% with an initial CB concentration of 50 mg/L,current density 15 mA/cm2,initial pH 10,electrolyte concentration 0.1 mol/L,and temperature 25°C after 90 min of reaction.Under the same conditions,the degradation eff...     

活性炭负载Co3O4活化过一硫酸盐降解金橙G

通过浸渍煅烧法制备活性炭负载Co的活化剂(Co/AC),采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线能谱仪(EDS)技术对活化剂进行表征,发现Co主要以Co_3O_4的形式负载于活性炭表面,并利用Co/AC活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO_4~-·)降解偶氮染料金橙G(OG),研究了活化反应机制及不同因素对OG降解的影响.结果表明,SO_4~-·在OG降解过程中起主要作用,并且随Co/AC用量、PMS浓度、温度的提高,OG降解效率明显增加.反应初始pH对降解OG有较大影响,当p H在4~8范围内,SO_4~-·均能有效降解OG,但在强酸碱条件下,则不利于OG降解.Cl~-对活化降解OG具有双重作用,低浓度时抑制降解,而在高浓度时促进降解.Co/AC在重复使用6次时仍具有较好活化性能.通过紫外可见光谱及气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)对OG降解过程及中间产物进行了分析.     

对氯酚经Fenton体系预降解后的生物流化床处理

采用Fenton-生物流化床联用工艺处理对氯酚(4-CP)模拟废水,考察了不同Fenton处理程度时4-CP的降解产物和出水的可生化性,从而确定合适的Fenton体系预处理程度.同时,采用快速排泥法进行活性炭的挂膜以实现流化床的启动,并考察了流化床连续运行阶段停留时间(RT)、pH对降解效果的影响及反应器的抗冲击能力.最后研究了4-CP在Fenton-生物流化床联用工艺中的降解过程.结果表明,当4-CP初始浓度在1～2mmol·L-1时,通过Fenton体系可使83%左右的苯环破裂,转化成小分子有机酸;利用微生物作用可使剩余的苯环类物质和大部分的有机酸被降解,出水CODCr100mg·L-1.Fenton-生物流化床工艺具有高效处理难降解废水的优点,是一项具有应用前景的废水处理技术.