霾与非霾期间汞在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布特征

在我国高速经济增长过程中,霾污染日趋突出,同时大气汞污染也十分严重,而颗粒汞对于汞在大气中的循环演化意义重大.为了探讨霾污染期间汞在不同粒径颗粒物中的分布特征,采用Nano-moudi 12级(6.2~9.9μm、3.1~6.2μm,1.8~3.1μm、1.0~1.8μm、0.56~1.0μm、0.32~0.56μm、0.18~0.32μm、0.10~0.18μm,0.056~0.10μm、0.032~0.056μm、0.018~0.032μm、0.010~0.018μm)大气颗粒物采样器,对上海霾与非霾期间不同粒径大气颗粒物中的汞进行分析.结果表明,颗粒态汞含量与颗粒物含量正相关;采样期间霾天颗粒态汞平均浓度0.31 ng·m-3是非霾天颗粒态汞平均浓度0.11 ng·m-3的2~3倍;霾和非霾天颗粒态汞浓度以及颗粒物质量浓度随粒径分布呈双峰型,霾期间峰值分别出现在0.56~1.0μm粒径段和3.1~6.2μm粒径段,而非霾期峰值分别出现在0.32~0.56μm和3.1~6.2μm粒径段;霾天较非霾天颗粒态汞和颗粒物的粒径分布均出现了向大粒径方向偏移;颗粒态汞主要分布在粒径≤1μm粒子上,能够长时间停留和长距离输送;非霾期间颗粒态汞在颗粒物中的平均含量为0.029 ng·μg-1,而霾期间为0.015 ng·μg-1;霾污染过程中其他污染物迅速成长,而汞成长较慢;霾天积聚核模态粒子中颗粒态汞质量浓度为2.06 ng·m-3,而非霾天为0.55 ng·m-3,积聚态颗粒物的大幅增加,是灰霾形成的主要原因.本地源燃煤等的排放以及风沙扬尘的增加和外地源的输送是导致霾天污染严重的重要原因.     

上海市大气气溶胶中铂元素污染状况调查

为调查上海市大气气溶胶中铂元素的污染状况,用PM10-2型可吸入颗粒物采样器采集了上海市大气气溶胶样品,采样时间分别为2003-12～2005-12.用微波消解密闭系统消解样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了大气气溶胶中Pt的含量.分析结果表明,同清洁对照点((0.65±0.16)pg·m-3)相比,上海市中心区大气中Pt((1.69±0.93)pg·m-3)的污染是明显的;装有三元催化转化器的汽车尾气中Pt的含量均在100ng·g-1以上,远远高于大气气溶胶样品(人民广场平均值21.7ng·g-1);不同交通密度区Pt含量分析结果表明,Pt含量与交通密度紧密相关,这说明装有三元催化器的汽车尾气是气溶胶中Pt污染的主要来源;此外,上海市大气气溶胶中Pt呈现季节性变化,并受气象条件影响.同世界其它城市相比,上海市气溶胶中铂元素污染程度还较低,但是这种潜在的重金属污染应该引起重视.     

ICP-MS法测定不同类型水体可滤态与总量结果比对分析

本文运用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对不用类型水体(地下水、地表水、水库水和污水)中的10种重金属元素进行了测定和比对分析。结果显示地下水除钴元素可滤态与总量测定结果相当之外总量均大于可滤态、地表水总量均大于可滤态、水库水除锰元素和镍元素可滤态与总量测定值有较差别外其它8种元素总量与可滤态测定值均无明显差异、污水除钛元素外其余9种元素总量与可滤态测定值均无明显差异。其中,地表水与污水钛元素可滤态均未检出,总量测定值为检出限的1倍至3倍,结果可信。此结果证明对于本次用于检测的样品中的钛元素,全部来源于悬浮于水中的直径大于0.45μm的微粒上,其它元素无此特性。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接测定酱油中的铅

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法直接测定酱油样品中的痕量铅,样品无需前处理与稀释,直接进行测定.外标法绘制工作曲线、在线内标法校准基体效应,方法简便、快速.根据所建立的方法,对实验室间比对实验的酱油考察样品进行了分析,测定值与参考值吻合,相对标准偏差为2.5%.用加标回收实验评价了该方法的准确性,回收率为94.2%-102%,结果令人满意.     

U and Th in some brown coals of Serbia and Montenegro and their environmental impact

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The objective of this paper is to determine and compare the concentrations of U and Th in soft to hard brown (lignite to sub-bituminous) coals of Serbia and Montenegro. It also presents comparison of the obtained data on U and Th concentrations with the published data on coals located in some other countries of the world. Almost the whole coal production of Serbia and Montenegro is used as feed coals for combustion in thermal power plants. METHODS: Channel samples from open pit and underground mines and core samples were collected for hard and soft brown coals. For the analysis the samples were decomposed using microwave technique. Obtained solutions containing U and Th were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) using NIST standards. RESULTS: Concentration of U from the investigated basins and the corresponding mine fields ranges within 0.60-70.10 mg/kg, 0.65-3.20 mg/kg, 0.95-6.59 mg/kg, 1.20-6.05 mg/kg, 0.80-6.66 mg/kg, 0.18-89.90 mg/kg, 0.19-4.14 mg/kg, and 0.28-3.52 mg/kg for the Kostolac, Kolubara, Krepoljin, Sjenica, Soko Banja, Bogovina East field, Senje-Resavica and Pljevlja basins, respectively. Concentration of Th ranges within 0.20-2.60 mg/kg, 0.84-6.57 mg/kg, 1.48-6.48 mg/kg, 0.12-2.71 mg/kg, 0.13-4.95 mg/kg, 0.14-3.48 mg/kg, 0.29-3.56 mg/kg, and 0.17-1.89 mg/kg for the Kostolac, Kolubara, Krepoljin, Sjenica, Soko Banja, Bogovina East field, Senje-Resavica and Pljevlja basins, respectively. DISCUSSION: Brown coal from Senje-Resavica, Kolubara, Kostolac and Pljevlja is characterized by low U concentration. Coals form the Krepoljin, Soko Banja and Sjenica basins have slightly higher U concentrations than the mentioned group. The highest concentration of U is characteristic for the coal from the Bogovina East field. Concentration of Th in coals from Serbia and Montenegro has proved to be low. Out of all investigated coal basins, only the coal from the Krepoljin and Kolubara basins has high concentration of Th. The hydrothermally altered rocks of the Timok dacite-andesite complex, representing the basement of the Bogovina basin, could be a potential source of U, especially at the bottom part of the Lower seam of the Bogovina East field. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that brown coals in Serbia and Montenegro (soft to hard brown coals or lignite to sub-bituminous) contain low levels of U (5.30 mg/kg, average value and 2.10 mg/kg geometric mean value) and Th (1.80 mg/kg, average value and 1.12 mg/kg geometric mean value). There are some obvious differences in concentration of U and Th in coals from different basins in Serbia and Montenegro. The approximate value for U and Th release mainly from power plants was 644.33 t and 983.46 t, respectively within the period 1965-2000 for the studied mines in Serbia, and 23.76 t and 15.05 t for the Potrlica mine (Montenegro) within the period 1965-1997. RECOMMENDATIONS: The coals in Serbia and Montenegro show no identifiable unfavourable impact on the surrounding environment, due to low natural radioactive concentration of U and Th, but further investigations concerning human health should be performed. PERSPECTIVES: Preliminary research revealed that in some Serbian coals (and, particularly, parts of the coal seam) U and Th content are rather high. Such coals should be carefully studied, as well as U and Th concentrations in ash, fly ash, waste disposals, nearby soil and ground water. Further studies should include determination of the radioactivity of all these products, and estimation of possible health impact.     

珠江三角洲养殖鱼塘水体中重金属污染特征和评估

为了解珠江三角洲主要养殖环境中重金属含量及潜在生态危害程度,用电感藕合等离子质谱法和原子荧光法测定了肇庆、广州、惠州和茂名4市14个样点沉积物中7种元素的水体及底泥总量,并对底泥中主要重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明：养殖鱼塘水体中Cr质量浓度范围是nd-0.1011 mg·L-1,超标率为7.1%,Cu质量浓度范围为nd-0.1438 mg·L-1,超标率为64.3%,As质量浓度范围是0.0112-0.0812 mg·L-1,超标率为24.1%,Hg质量浓度范围是0.00004-0.00458 mg·L^-1,超标率为35.7%,Pb质量浓度范围为nd-0.0973 mg·L^-1,超标率为6.8%,其余Ni、Zn和Cd质量浓度范围分别为nd-0.0218、nd-0.0232和nd-0.00319 mg·L^-1,均未超渔业水质标准;底泥中重金属元素Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Cd和Pb的平均值分别为83.86、46.19、242.16、32.38、0.64、1.00和60.06 mg·kg^-1,地积累指数评价结果显示,表层沉积物重金属污染程度顺序为Cd＞Hg＞Zn＞Pb＞As＞Cu＞Cr,其中,Cd污染程度为中-强,是底泥污染最严重的元素。潜在生态风险指数分析,单项潜在生态风险指数生态风险均值排列顺序为 Hg＞As＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr。对区域综合潜在生态风险指数RI的贡献率最大的元素为Hg、As和Cd。4个市底泥潜在生态风险综合指数（RI）比较,惠州（290.13）＞广州（240.54）＞茂名（193.23）＞肇庆（116.40）。Hg和Cd是该水域污染和潜在生态风险最大的元素。     

Metals and organic pollutants in snow surrounding an iron factory

To estimate air pollution snow samples were collected in March 2001 at six sites in the vicinity of the Kostomuksha factory in Karelia. Seventy-two chemical elements and more than 200 individual organic compounds were identified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that the levels of Li, B, Al, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, Mn, Mo as well as hydrocarbons, phthalates and phenols exceeded the existing maximum allowable concentrations. A list of toxicants emitted with the factory exhausts and a list of priority pollutants for Kostomuksha were compiled. The impact of the exhausts of the Kostomuksha factory on the environment in Finland is relatively small. Electronic Publication     

衡山PM_（2.5）中痕量金属元素的分析

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定PM2.5中12种痕量金属元素的方法。对不同消解体系进行了讨论,确定采用HNO3＋H2O2消解体系。方法检出限在0.01～6.4 ng/m3之间,精密度为0.5%～8.9%,加标回收率在69.2%～92.6%之间。应用该方法测定了衡山PM2.5中痕量金属元素的含量,讨论了痕量元素的浓度分布特征,对各元素进行了相关性分析,并应用富集因子法对来源进行了分析。     

ASD—ICP—MS联合快速测定土壤中部分金属元素

土壤环境质量例行监测正在全国展开,如何准确快速分析土壤中的金属含量成为当务之急。采用HNO3-HCl-HF—HClO4体系在全自动消解仪（ASD）上对土壤进行前处理,以50．0μg／L的铑作内标,电感耦合等离子体-质谱仪同时测定《土壤环境质量标准》的7种元素：Cd、As、Cu、Ph、Cr、Zn、Ni。各元素的方法检出限为0．003～0．40mg／kg,相对标准偏差小于6．0％,土壤标样的测定值与标准值吻合。该方法简便快捷、灵敏度高、重现性好,为大批量土壤重金属元素含量的快速测定提供了可靠地消解-分析方法。     

微波消解－ICP－MS法测定土壤中稀土元素的研究

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱（ ICP－MS）测定土壤中稀土元素的分析方法。采用HNO3＋HF酸体系用微波消解对土壤样品进行处理,以混合内标（ In、Bi）校正基体干扰和信号漂移,用ICP－MS对其中的16种稀土元素进行了测定。在优化的实验条件下,16种稀土元素标准曲线的相关系数r＞0．9999,检出限为0.012 ng／ml～0.069 ng／ml,加标回收率为84.0％～110％,相对标准偏差（n＝6）RSD均小于3.5％。该方法可用于四种不同类型土壤中稀土元素含量的测定。