膜法处理低温低浊水技术综述

低温低浊水的处理是给水处理的一个难点.分析了常规混凝方法难处理低温低浊水的原因,介绍和比较了膜处理低温低浊水的4种方法.研究结果表明,膜法出水水质好、稳定,采用低压膜直接过滤降低能耗,节省药剂投加费用;混凝-超滤工艺中加入粉末活性炭后可增加溶解性有机物的去除,膜生物反应器能有效去除氨氮.膜法处理低温低浊水对浊度和有机物的去除明显好于传统工艺,能提供水质良好的饮用水,是低温低浊水处理的发展方向.     

北运河上游合流制管网溢流污染特性研究

以北运河沙河水库周边合流制管网为研究对象,选取浊度为主要指示指标,通过监测典型溢流排口,考察了2019年4次合流制管网溢流污染物的变化过程,研究了降雨事件之间的干旱天数和降雨强度对溢流污染的影响,并分析浊度和典型污染物之间的相关性.结果表明,汛期降雨强度较大、历时较长,是溢流事件发生的主要时期.当单场次累积降雨量达到1...     

夏季太湖浊度分布特征及其在水－沉积物界面识别中的应用

基于2014年8月对太湖61个采样点的浊度和各物理化学指标的测定,分析夏季太湖浊度空间、垂直分布特征及其影响因素,利用实测的湖泊底层浊度垂直分层对水－沉积物界面进行定量识别.结果表明,夏季太湖浊度表、中、底层浊度平均值分别为(28.3±21.4), (23.0±13.3), (31.7±15.0) NTU,总体分布趋势为太湖北部贡湖湾、梅梁湾最大,其次为西部及湖心区,较低值出现在胥口湾及东太湖;线性回归分析表明,表、中、底层浊度分别与叶绿素a、无机悬浮物、总悬浮物浓度的拟合关系最好;基于浊度垂直分层定量识别的太湖水－沉积物界面厚度均值为(156.4±53.5) mm,其中贡湖湾及太湖西部厚度最大,其次为湖心区及梅梁湾,东太湖、胥口湾、竺山湾界面厚度最小,界面厚度与中层浊度存在显著的正相关(R2=0.552),风浪引起的频繁的沉积物再悬浮将增加水－沉积物界面厚度.太湖浊度的垂直分层可用于水－沉积物界面的定量识别,为水－沉积物界面营养盐交换和物质循环研究提供科学依据.     

阳离子型聚合物对低温低浊水的絮凝效果与形态学特性

采用微絮凝-深床直接过滤工艺,以西安市曲江水厂低温低浊水质为原水(水温低于10℃,初始浊度低于10NTU),投加阳离子型聚合物(简称CP)作主混凝剂或助凝剂,借助分形数学理论与图像分析技术,对滤料粒径、原水浊度、原水温度、药剂种类、聚合物分子量及投加量、混合强度等因素对处理效果的影响进行了研究,分析探讨了不同药剂处理低温低浊水的作用机理、絮凝形态学特征以及絮体结构的分形特性.结果表明,①当温度低于4℃、初始浊度小于4NTU时,不宜单独采用Al2(SO4)3或PAC作为絮凝剂;当温度为4～10℃、初始浊度小于10NTU时,如果只投加Al2(SO4)3或PAC作为絮凝剂,宜用细砂滤料过滤;低温低浊条件下,无机混凝剂形成的絮体粒径小、结构松散脆弱、有效质量密度低、沉速慢,但表征絮体分形特性的分维值较高.②CP作絮凝剂能显著改善低温低浊水的絮凝效果与过滤性能,但混合强度需增大,宜用粗砂滤料过滤;③单独用CP作絮凝剂时,宜投加分子量较低的弱阳性聚合物或投加低剂量较高分子量的强阳性聚合物;CP用作助凝剂时,能显著减少主混凝剂用量,但宜投加强阳性聚合物或增加弱阳性聚合物的剂量.④CP兼备电性中和与吸附架桥絮凝作用,能形成粒径较大、吸附性能与过滤性能良好的网状絮体构型,其有效质量密度高,产生的污泥量少,污泥沉降速度快,脱水效果好,但分维值低.⑤各种水处理药剂的处理效果为:Al2(SO4)3(或PAC)+CP>CP>PAC>Al2(SO4)3,这种差别由絮体的形态学特性与构型特征各异引起.     

生物絮凝剂用于给水混凝处理中浊度去除的研究

利用高岭土悬浊液和松花江原水作为研究对象,以混凝试验为基础考察了生物絮凝剂(BFs)对浊度的去除效果.结果表明,单独使用生物絮凝剂进行混凝处理在投药量5～19mg/L的范围内能够使高岭土溶液浊度去除84%,低于Al2(SO4)3(93%)和Fe2(SO4)3(94%). Zeta电位和混凝pH变化结果表明,生物絮凝剂的混凝效果主要受吸附架桥机理支配.向生物絮凝剂中投加少量的Al盐和Fe盐能够明显强化混凝效果,且在相同的混凝效果时Fe盐投加量小于Al盐投加量.这种强化作用主要是因为无机盐和生物絮凝剂的复合加强了电性中和与吸附架桥作用. Fe盐和生物絮凝剂复合使用可以在低投药量和中性pH条件下有效去除原水的浊度(94.6%).生物絮凝剂能够在较大的投药量范围内有效去除水源水中的颗粒物,形成的剩余污泥能够被自然降解;同时,由于不使用金属盐,大大降低了由于铝的积累而导致的致病风险,是一种环境友好的绿色絮凝剂.     

Predictive models of turbidity and water depth in the Doñana marshes using Landsat TM and ETM+ images

We have used Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ images together with simultaneous ground-truth data at sample points in the Doñana marshes to predict water turbidity and depth from band reflectance using Generalized Additive Models. We have point samples for 12 different dates simultaneous with 7 Landsat-5 and 5 Landsat-7 overpasses. The best model for water turbidity in the marsh explained 38% of variance in ground-truth data and included as predictors band 3 (630–690 nm), band 5 (1550–1750 nm) and the ratio between bands 1 (450–520 nm) and 4 (760–900 nm). Water turbidity is easier to predict for water bodies like the Guadalquivir River and artificial ponds that are deep and not affected by bottom soil reflectance and aquatic vegetation. For the latter, a simple model using band 3 reflectance explains 78.6% of the variance. Water depth is easier to predict than turbidity. The best model for water depth in the marsh explains 78% of the variance and includes as predictors band 1, band 5, the ratio between band 2 (520–600 nm) and band 4, and bottom soil reflectance in band 4 in September, when the marsh is dry. The water turbidity and water depth models have been developed in order to reconstruct historical changes in Doñana wetlands during the last 30 years using the Landsat satellite images time series.     

CONTROL OF LAKE PHOSPHORUS WITH ALUMINUM SULFATE: DOSE DETERMINATION AND APPLICATION TECHNIQUES1

ABSTRACT: Nutrient diversion does not always bring about prompt and sufficient reduction in lake phosphorus concentration due to recycling from nutrient rich sediments. Certain lakes and reservoirs may continue to experience nuisance algal blooms and require additional restorative steps. The phosphorus precipitation/inactivation technique is a procedure to remove phosphorus from the water column and to control its release from sediments in order to achieve P-limiting conditions to algal growth. Aluminum salts have been used in advanced waste water treatment to remove phosphorus and this technology was extended to lake rehabilitation. Guidelines for dose calculation and application are generally lacking, and are provided in this report. The dose determination suggested here allows maximum application of aluminum to bottom sediments and thus emphasizes long term control of phosphorus recycling. Dose can be calculated directly from the alkalinity of the water to be treated. Titration of lake water samples of Varying alkalinity allows the establishment of the relationship between residual dissolved aluminum, alkalinity, and dose which can then be employed for lake scale applications of alum to lakes and reservoirs. Application equipment and procedures are described. These depend on site characteristics and treatment objectives and include lakeside stores, a distribution pipe, and an application barge and manifold. Alum may also be used to meet other restoration objectives including the treatment of problem flows and the reduction of particulate concentrations.     

RIDGE REGRESSION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO LANDSAT INVESTIGATION OF WATER QUALITY IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: Landsat radiance values were processed at two different (single and double) levels of accuracy to estimate chlorophyll a, turbidity, and suspended sediment in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Both ordinary least square and ridge regression analyses were used to establish a relationship between water quality parameters and Landsat radiance. Radiance measurements made at greater precision (double level) gave a better solution in this application. The ridge regression analysis for double level not only can reduce the total mean square error about 13–20 percent and confidence interval about 6–28 percent as compared to ordinary least square analysis, but it can also change the interpretation of analysis results.     

生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水

用生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水（简称废水）。实验结果表明,废水处理的水力条件为：以150r／min的转速搅拌30S,再以30r／min的转速搅拌20min;MBFGA1的最佳加入量为15mg／L;废水pH为4．0时,MBFGA1对废水的絮凝处理效果最好;废水温度对浊度、COD去除率有一定的影响,在20～45℃时,废水浊度的去除率始终保持在85％以上;30℃时,COD去除率达到最大值65．0％。