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排序方式: 共有1013条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
中国主要电子废物产生量估算 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
在分析了电子废物类型及其可能造成的主要环境问题的基础上。根据电子电器产品的销量、社会保有量以及产品寿命期等因子建立模型对我国2000-2010年间的电脑、电视机、冰箱、洗衣机、空调等5大类电子电器产品的年度废弃量进行估算。结果显示到2003年电脑年度废弃量达到447万台,总体呈增长趋势;电视机、冰箱的废弃量在2003年分别达到4229万台和976万台;洗衣机年度废弃量有一定波动。大约在2005年达到一个高峰,废弃量为1521万台;空调废弃量相对于其他家电较少,但一直处于稳步增长期。并在此基础估算了我国2003年主要电子废物中的可回收资源含量。量大而且增长较快的电子废物的处置和资源再生化将是我国电子废物管理面临的一个难题。 相似文献
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Consistent estimators of change and state becomes an issue when sample data come from a mix of permanent and temporary observation units. A joint maximum likelihood estimator of state and change creates estimates of state that depend on antecedent viz. posterior survey results and may differ from estimates of state derived from a single-date analysis of the sample data. A constrained estimator of change in relative categorical frequencies that eliminates this potential inconsistency is proposed and a model based estimator of their sampling variance is developed. The performance of the constrained estimator is quantified against six criteria and a joint maximum likelihood estimator in simulated sampling from 15 populations with three combinations of permanent and temporary samples, four to six categorical class attributes, and constant size between sampling dates. Bias of the constrained estimators was negligible but larger than for joint maximum likelihood estimators. Mean absolute deviations and variances of constrained estimators were generally at par with the joint estimators. Constrained estimators of root mean square errors and achieved coverage of nominal confidence intervals of constrained estimators were occasionally better. A generalized variance function for the constrained estimates of change is provided as a computational shortcut. 相似文献
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利用空气质量资料、常规观测资料、NCEP1.0°×1.0°再分析资料,应用数理统计、天气学等方法对宿迁市3次突发性重污染天气进行对比分析.结果表明:①宿迁"突发"空气重污染时,AQI级别由前一日的一、二级至第2日转为五级以上,AQI值迅速上升.②3次空气重污染过程天气背景相似,高层为宽广平直的偏西气流,地面受高压控制,中低层风向和温度平流突然转变,且都有深厚的逆温层结;持续变化较小的气压梯度、较低风速、温度日较差及相对湿度的增大(150328过程(即2015年3月28日—4月1日污染过程)除外)为颗粒物浓度迅速增长提供了条件.③大气稳定度级别迅速变高和混合层高度迅速降低并维持,对污染物快速聚集有显著影响.④物理量诊断表明,污染发生前期上空为弱上升运动,随后迅速转为下沉运动,或气流下沉运动区域迅速扩大、升高,是空气质量迅速转差的重要动力因素.⑤内蒙古地区的沙尘远距离输送形成的污染,是造成150328过程与另外两次过程明显不同的主要原因. 相似文献
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Decomposition mass loss and pyrolysis products analyses of particles sampled at various locations along the tailpipe of a Euro-IV diesel engine were performed using a thermogravimetry in conjunction with Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry-mass spectrum. Diesel particles were collected at the same location with and without diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) mounted on the test engine separately. The three poles in thermal gravity-differential thermal gravity images suggested that the decomposition process of diesel particles could be divided into three stages which correspond to the decompositions of lower boiling substances, higher boiling substances and soot respectively. It is noticed that no matter whether DOC was mounted or not, the further the particles were sampled away from the engine block, the lower the peak temperatures and the heavier the mass losses within the first two stages, which indicated that the soluble organic fraction in the particle samples increased and therefore lowering the activation energy of thermal decomposition. Hydroxyl, ammonia, CxHy fragments, benzene, toluene, and phenol were found to be the primary products of particle decomposition, which didn't change with the location of particle sample point. The employment of DOC increased the activation energy for particle oxidation and resulted in a higher peak temperature and lower mass loss within the first-stage. Moreover, the CO stretching bands of aldehyde and ketone at 1771 cm?1 was only detected without a DOC, while the NO2 peak at 1634 cm?1 was solely noticed with the presence of DOC. Compared to the first-stage pyrolysis products, more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and less CxHy fragments were seen in the second-stage. 相似文献
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John Doherty John M. Johnston 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(2):251-265
ABSTRACT: The use of a fitted parameter watershed model to address water quantity and quality management issues requires that it be calibrated under a wide range of hydrologic conditions. However, rarely does model calibration result in a unique parameter set. Parameter nonuniqueness can lead to predictive nonuniqueness. The extent of model predictive uncertainty should be investigated if management decisions are to be based on model projections. Using models built for four neighboring watersheds in the Neuse River Basin of North Carolina, the application of the automated parameter optimization software PEST in conjunction with the Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF) is demonstrated. Parameter nonuniqueness is illustrated, and a method is presented for calculating many different sets of parameters, all of which acceptably calibrate a watershed model. A regularization methodology is discussed in which models for similar watersheds can be calibrated simultaneously. Using this method, parameter differences between watershed models can be minimized while maintaining fit between model outputs and field observations. In recognition of the fact that parameter nonuniqueness and predictive uncertainty are inherent to the modeling process, PEST's nonlinear predictive analysis functionality is then used to explore the extent of model predictive uncertainty. 相似文献
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洪水灾害评估体系研究 总被引:28,自引:3,他引:28
从系统论的观点出发,提出了洪水灾害系统的概念,并结合洪水灾害评估的特点,设计了洪水灾害评估体系的总体框架。 相似文献