西部地区SO_2总量控制方案合理性评估

通过新增工业产值、农用地面积、降雨强度和环保投资4个指标,引入信息熵对各指标进行权重分配,科学界定基尼系数合理性范围,构建了以改良基尼系数为度量标准的二氧化硫总量控制方案分配合理性的评价体系,并将其应用于"十二五"西部地区二氧化硫排放总量控制规划方案合理性评价工作中。研究结果表明,西部地区"十二五"SO2总量控制方案存在不合理,可优先考虑针对环保投资进行调整。     

一个公平的多方的不可否认协议

公平的不可否认协议解决了电子商务中信息传输的互相否认问题，使通信各方处于平等的位置。协议对各方都是公平的。该协议是基于组加密方法的，由可靠的第三方产生不可否认证据，数据交互次数少，高效实用。     

Power,responsibility and justice: a review of local stakeholder participation in European flood risk management

Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the active involvement of local stakeholders in the management of floods in Europe. Such involvement is seen as necessary as the management of floods becomes more complex. Management approaches now seek to include a range of potential measures to reduce risk (e.g. structural defence, spatial planning and property-level protection measures). Local stakeholder involvement is seen to be important because governments lack the capacities such as knowledge and funding required to deliver all these measures alone. This paper focuses on the implications that more participative approaches have on the fairness of European flood risk management (FRM). Studies of environmental justice are well placed to address this question because they are interested in who is included and excluded from decisions related to the distribution of environmental goods (resources) and bads (risks). Existing literature suggests that fair decision-making processes (procedural justice) can lead to fair distribution or resources and risks (distributive justice). This literature review of 30 peer-reviewed papers provides an analysis of justice and FRM by assessing practices of participation which are presented in the recent literature on local stakeholder involvement in FRM in England, Germany and the Netherlands. It was found that participation in practice generally focuses on transferring responsibility to the local level at the expense of power. This paper discusses the implications that this finding has for justice and synthesises potential ways forward based on recommendations of the reviewed literature.     

Community reactions to tourism development: how does governmental fairness work?

Based on the elements of social exchange and organizational justice theories, a conceptual model and associated hypotheses were formulated to examine the relationship among community residents and their perceptions of governmental fairness (i.e., distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational dimensions), social capital (i.e., cognitive and structural dimensions), and support for government and environmental development. Data were collected from 496 residents in four Korean cities: Busan, Gyeongju, Pohang, and Ulsan. Empirical testing resulted in support for multiple hypotheses. More specifically, cognitive social capital was significantly influenced by distributive, interpersonal, and informational fairness. Structural social capital was significantly affected by distributive and informational fairness. Subsequently, two dimensions of social capital positively influenced two types of support. Overall, the results suggest that the interplay of governmental fairness and social capital is important in influencing residents’ support for government and environmental development.     

我国生活用水公平问题研究

在世界各地普遍面临日益严峻水危机的情况下,如何保证有限水量公平分配,已成为我国发展民生水利的重要组成部分,直接关系到我国水资源可持续发展。论文结合现阶段我国基本水情,选择与人民生活密切相关的生活用水,提出一种按城镇生活用水和农村生活用水构建的二元结构模型来计算用水基尼系数,将其作为我国生活用水量分配的公平性判断。根据我国1980、1985、1990、1995、2000、2005年人口、用水定额、城镇生活用水、农村生活用水数据,计算了我国用水基尼系数变化过程。结果表明,我国居民生活用水基尼系数基本趋于稳定,用水总体趋于公平。但1980-2000年一直有增高的趋势。因此,在应对气候变化对我国用水安全的挑战中,必须对此引起重视,防患于未然。     

资源和环境的存在价值的经济学基础

资源与环境的存在价值为独立与人们对资源的现期使用的价值。在资源,环境的代际问题中,存在价值会成为重要的决策参数。本文对存在价值的同予以分陈、归纳,并以反映其特点的结构进行表述;其次对存在价值与其它类别的价值尤其是期权价值,准期作出区分。     

多维公平测度下考虑灾民心理痛苦效应的应急资源调配

为有效降低灾后初期应急资源短缺情况下灾民生理和心理受到的伤害,提出等待效应和短缺效应衡量救援过程中的灾民心理痛苦效应,同时耦合时间和供需情况2个维度测度救援过程中的公平性指标,构建调度总时间最短、时间攀比最小和灾民心理痛苦效应最低的多目标应急资源调配模型,研究多灾点、多配送中心、多种类物资救援场景下的应急资源分配和路径...     

A RAWLSIAN EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA1

ABSTRACT: This paper critically evaluates the nature of irrigation distribution in India using the Rawlsian criterion of equity in dis. tribution and estimates the performance of different states in India according to the Rawlsian notion of fairness in distribution. It is found that there is considerable inequality across farm-size groups in the distribution of irrigated areas in general and canal irrigated areas in particular, and that there are wide interstate differences in the levels of this inequality. Further, it is found that switching over to a Rawlsian based distribution of canal irrigation will help in reducing the levels of inequality in overall irrigation distribution in all states.     

What shapes municipalities’ perceptions of fairness in windpower developments?

ABSTRACT

Siting controversies have become familiar in windpower development. Process and outcome fairness in the form of economic benefits to local communities and inclusion in decision-making processes are recognised as important elements in local acceptance of windpower installations. To these, we add the concept of “relative fairness” influencing perceptions of overall fairness. In this article, we examine why Norwegian municipalities agree to host windpower, and the role of process, outcome and relative fairness in this decision. Municipalities are central in providing welfare services, and in ensuring a viable local economy and local workplaces. Process fairness is important, as is evident when municipalities have little influence in the detailed planning of the plants. Also, outcome fairness, in the form of economic compensation – particularly through property tax – is decisive for positive attitudes towards windfarms, as municipalities can strengthen their role as welfare providers and boost local economic activities. Less emphasised are the effects on global climate and national climate goals. However, effects on local landscape and nature are also important for municipalities, as became clear when the national government proposed withdrawing the municipalities’ possibilities of levying property taxes. The municipalities argue that it is only fair to receive something in return for hosting windmills, and relative fairness is important to their argument for equal treatment regarding hydro- and wind-power electricity production in the form of a natural resource tax.     

基于纳污红线的河流排污权优化分配模型

实行水功能区限制纳污红线的水资源管理制度,在理论和实践中必须要建立河流污染物总量控制管理制度,而实行污染物总量控制,首先要确定河流排污权的初始分配方案。结合我国现行流域水功能区划成果,以水功能区作为排污权初始分配主体开展排污权分配研究,提出由河流环境保护部门确定河流总体排污权,首先通过纵向配置将排污权分配给水功能区,然后通过横向配置将初始排污权分配给排污者的一种纵向加横向分配模式。以资源分配的公平性和效率为管理目标,并以污染物总量控制、浓度控制、企业生产连续性等为约束条件,建立了河流排污权多目标分配优化模型。最后利用多目标演化算法对算例进行了求解,验证了方法的可行性,且此分配方式所获得的环境节余容量最大