Improving situational awareness through the design of offshore installations

Maintaining the situational awareness of control room operators on offshore installations contributes to the timely diagnosis of conditions and making appropriate decisions. This is particularly important when dealing with events and incidents. Recent initiatives aimed at reducing operators’ exposure to the hazards of working on offshore installations may have a negative impact upon situational awareness within the control room environment.This paper discusses mitigation of the negative impact through the design and operation of the installation and control system; either by improving the general level of situational awareness or by specifically targeting the areas affected by these initiatives.     

To kill or not to kill—Practitioners’ opinions on invasive alien species management as a step towards enhancing control of biological invasions

The spread of invasive alien species (IAS) has become an increasingly important environmental, social and economic issue in almost all regions of the world. To have the capacity to effectively counter the effects of invasions, besides basic research on invasion processes and the ecological impacts of IAS, there is a need to get an information and better understanding of the effectiveness of biological control and its social acceptability. Conservation practitioners are a particular group of stakeholders as they act in the first line to undertake control actions again IAS spread. Yet, not many research was done to deliver quantitative, comprehensive information on practitioners’ knowledge and attitudes towards IAS. In this paper, we present a study from Poland—a country with relatively well preserved nature, yet currently facing the problem of biological invasions in the terrestrial and aquatic environments. We investigated nature conservation practitioners’ knowledge of biological invasions, their views on the principles and methods of IAS control, and their degree of acceptance of control methods. We conducted a survey among people professionally involved in nature conservation in Poland and collected 916 questionnaires (out of 3330 sent). Overall, we find that conservation practitioners in Poland accept the use of radical methods of control, yet they differ about the use of various types of control method, and about the various control methods application to various systematic groups. Also, the level of practitioners’ knowledge is rather limited—both in relation to correct identification of IAS, as well as to knowledge on legal regulations. We also highlight significant differences between decision-makers and professionals not perceiving themselves as decisive over IAS management. We show examples suggesting that nature conservation practitioners may not hold well-formed opinions on the principles and methods of dealing with alien species. This is surely an important deficit to overcome to enhance the effectiveness of IAS control.     

“十一五”期间甘南县环境污染状况及防治对策

本文筒述了甘南县环境污染并对防治提出了对策     

河流水质监测控制断面设置探讨

对河流水质监测控制断面设置的基本理论和方法进行了探讨。根据河流的控制断面应设在排放口的下游 ,污染物与河水能较充分混合处的原则 ,提出了河流水质监测控制断面的计算公式 :x =0 313uB2 /Ey ,以及其他有关河流水质监测断面设置中应注意的问题     

利用top down控制图评定库伦法测定煤中全硫的不确定度

利用top-down控制图评定库伦法测定煤中全硫的不确定度,通过对标准煤品的多次测试结果计算正态统计量,并对数据的正态性和独立性作判别,在确保数据随机排列的基础上,计算期间精密度标准差,最终得到该项目的不确定度评定结果。     

南京青奥会空气质量保障联合观测分析研究

2014年8月,为做好南京青奥会空气质量保障工作,江苏省环境监测中心联合中科院大气物理所、南京大学等36家单位,开展了为期一个月的空气质量保障联合观测,共获取监测数据5万多个,巡航观测里程超9 000 km,编制预报及分析报告87份,空气质量预报准确率达80%。结果表明,强力管控措施的实施,对缓解空气污染效果显著;通过联合团队观测方式,集中了产、学、研、用的技术优势和科研力量,带动了全省空气质量监测与分析能力的整体提升,为青奥会空气质量保障工作提供了强有力的技术支撑。     

The meaning of BATNEEC: interpreting excessive costs in UK industrial pollution regulation

The paper examines how the concept of ‘excessive costs’ has been interpreted in the implementation of industrial pollution control in the UK. Since 1984, industrial air pollution regulation in the EU has been guided by the framework concept of Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC). With the introduction of the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive in 1996, this has been replaced by the concept of Best Available Techniques (BAT). Despite the absence of the NEEC qualification, IPPC BAT includes excessive costs in its definition of ‘available’. Both concepts require interpretation and both devolve potentially controversial decisions to the level of the individual site regulator. A central issue in interpreting ‘excessive costs’ is the relative importance of environmental cost–benefit analysis versus the ability of a sector to ‘afford’ environmental improvements. Also important is how such concepts can be operationalized by regulators who lack resources and depend upon industry for information. The paper provides a historical account of how these issues have been dealt with in the UK and argues that the key difficulties are far from being resolved. The paper concludes by assessing the implications for the future implementation of IPPC. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于《水污染防治法》修订中加强经济政策手段的思考

"十二五"以来,我国对水污染防治运用经济政策手段进行了积极探索。党和国家出台的政策文件、新修订的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》以及《水污染防治行动计划》等都对水污染防治经济政策手段的制定和实施提出了新的要求。因此,亟需在未来《水污染防治法》的修订过程中加强对相关经济政策手段的规定,给予相关手段明确的法律地位,充分发挥经济政策在水污染防治中的重要作用。为此,本文建议着眼于"十三五"及未来更长一段时期水环境质量改善以及水污染防治形势和突出问题,以推动构建和实施系统、协调和高效的水污染防治经济政策体系为目标,结合党和国家相关文件、法律、行动计划的最新要求,借鉴国际上通过立法保障水污染防治经济政策手段制定和实施的经验,重点从投融资政策、税费和价格政策、排污交易政策等三个方面对现行《水污染防治法》进行修订、补充和完善。具体建议包括:一是完善关于财政投入和融资渠道的相关规定,要求加大水污染防治财政投入和补贴力度、鼓励水污染防治第三方治理方式和PPP模式以及建立流域上下游(跨界)生态补偿机制等;二是完善对于环境税(费)和其他价格机制的相关规定,增加关于环境保护税的说明等;三是增加逐步推行重点水污染物排污权交易的条款等。     

非自愿性移民生产安置中土地公平补偿研究——以湖南皂市水利枢纽工程为例

水利水电工程建设与移民安置会占用淹没区与安置区土地,根据补偿原理,淹没区与安置区理应获得补偿,从公平角度研究其土地补偿,对于增进移民与安置区居民福祉、实现社会公平正义具有积极意义。本文在界定和讨论淹没区与安置区土地公平补偿内涵与范围的基础上,分析了研究区域现行补偿标准的公平性,采用收益还原法和条件价值法分别测算了淹没区与安置区土地的市场价值与非市场价值,并由此测算土地公平补偿。结果表明:1淹没区与安置区土地公平补偿内涵是"损失什么,补偿什么",采取完全补偿原则,能体现"两区"之间的公平,公平补偿范围包括农地市场价值和非市场价值;2研究区域淹没区和安置区水田的市场价值分别是698 558.18元/hm2和573 272.73元/hm2,旱地为457 090.91元/hm2和465 818.18元/hm2;淹没区和安置区水田的非市场价值为50 006.40元/hm2和52 008.36元/hm2,旱地为47 045.65元/hm2和48 278.08元/hm2。3淹没区水田公平补偿测算结果为748 564.58元/hm2,旱地为504 136.56元/hm2;安置区水田公平补偿为625 281.09元/hm2,旱地为514 096.26元/hm2;4现行淹没区水田和旱地补偿标准仅为测算结果的53.77%和53.80%,安置区的补偿标准更是远低于该测算结果。研究结论:研究区域现行土地补偿标准仅能反映部分农地价值,是不完全补偿,同时,有关补偿制度未将淹没区与安置区土地补偿置于平等地位,现行土地补偿标准有失公平;本文基于农户的福利损失测算土地补偿,体现了公平补偿内涵;在土地补偿政策改进方面,应提高淹没区与安置区土地补偿标准,建立完善的社会保障制度,实施更加积极的就业政策等。     

中国农田土壤重金属污染防治挑战与对策研究

土地是生存的根本,日趋严重的重金属污染不仅污染了地下水,对食品安全也带来了严峻的影响。文章基于此,首先从监测工作、污染源头、修复技术、质量评估四个角度分析了农田土壤重金属防治中的挑战,然后就如何应对农田土壤重金属污染提出了对策,包括健全土壤污染监测制度、加强土壤污染源头管控、创新土壤污染修复技术、完善土壤修复质量评估等。