Investigating efficiency of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lampito mauritii</Emphasis> (Kinberg) and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Perionyx ceylanensis</Emphasis> Michaelsen for vermicomposting of different types of organic substrates

The vermicomposting ability of Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) and Perionyx ceylanensis Michaelsen was evaluated by using three different types of organic substrates such as leaf litter of Polyalthia longifolia, Pennisetum typhoides cobs (pearl millet) and a weed, Rottboellia exaltata (whole plant except the roots) in combination with cowdung (1:1). Vermicomposting studies (120 days) conducted to optimize the number of worms required for efficient conversion based on the reduction of C/N ratio, percentage decomposition of organic substrates, total number and biomass of earthworms recovered from the vermibed substrates clearly showed that vermibeds with 4 kg of organic materials can hold about 60–80 L. mauritii and about 90–120 P. ceylanensis for efficient decomposition. The percentage decomposition of each organic substrate treated with different numbers of L. mauritii (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 earthworms) and P. ceylanensis (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150) showed significant difference (P < 0.001) between numbers of worms introduced per vermibed but the difference between substrates was not significant within the treatments. Vermicomposting resulted in significant increase in electrical conductivity (28.54–49.82%), total nitrogen (43.96–90.83%), total phosphorus (27.42–68.10%) and total potassium (27.42–113.18%), whereas decrease in organic carbon (35.05–49.74%), C/N ratio (55.48–73.18%) and C/P ratio (50.46–66.90%) in different vermibeds introduced with L. mauritii and P. ceylanensis. Both the earthworm species can be used for vermicomposting different organic substrates; however, duration of vermicomposting with P. ceylanensis is not as much of L. mauritii. The use of L. mauritii for vermicomposting of other substrates has been well established by other workers also but standardization of P. ceylanensis, a locally available species, for vermicomposting of different organic substrates is a new finding and the species could be useful for vermiconversion of organic substrates under local conditions.     

聚硅基复合氯化铁絮凝剂的制备及其在采油废水处理中的应用

采用硅酸钠制备聚硅酸,探讨了活化pH、活化剂、硅酸钠浓度(以SiO_2质量分数计)及聚合温度等因素对聚硅酸稳定性的影响.利用聚硅酸及氯化铁制备聚硅基复合氯化铁(PSiF),并通过正交试验分析了活化pH、Si/Fe(摩尔比)、OH/Fe(摩尔比)、制备时间对PSiF絮凝性能的影响.综合考虑絮凝性能、稳定性以及经济性等因素,确定PSiF适宜的制备条件为SiO_2质量分数2%～3%;活化pH为2～3;Si/Fe为0.50～0.75;OH/Fe为0.50～0.75;制备时间为0.5 h;聚合温度低于25℃.对比PSiF、PAC、FeCl_3对采油废水的处理效果,PSiF除浊、除COD效果以及经济性最好,是一种应用前景广阔的新型絮凝剂.     

Comparison of Diuron degradation by direct UV photolysis and advanced oxidation processes

The rates of Diuron elimination by some advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as Fe(III)/UV, Ferrioxalate/UV, Fe(III)/H(2)O(2)/UV, Ferrioxalate/UV/H(2)O(2) and Fe(III)/H(2)O(2) have been compared. Experiments have been conducted at pH=2.3+/-0.1 with a batch reactor equipped with a low-pressure mercury lamp emitting mainly at 253.7nm. Data obtained under the following experimental conditions ([H(2)O(2)](0)=10(-3)M, [Diuron](0)=5x10(-5)M and [Fe(III)](0)=10(-3)M) have shown that rates of Diuron oxidation were higher with the systems Fe(III)/H(2)O(2)/UV and Ferrioxalate/UV/H(2)O(2) than with Fe(III)/UV and Fe(III)/H(2)O(2). On the other hand, Fe(III)/UV was found to be very efficient in mineralization of Diuron solution in comparison to direct UV photolysis. The experimental results showed that radical ()OH is the major pathway in the process of Diuron degradation.     

江汉平原湿地农业技术体系探讨

以十多年来江汉平原农业地理和涝渍地开发研究实践为基础,综合国内外湿地研究新成果,首次提出了建立中国南方湿地农业技术体系的构想。针对本地区涝渍灾害严重和生态脆弱化突出的实际,重点探讨了湿地农业关键技术和建立湿地农业开发模式的问题,湿地农业的关键技术主要有涝渍地农业小区综合整治开发规划与实施;涝渍地排水改良技术;涝渍地土壤肥力特征及改良技术;适生生物资源的发现、引进与鉴定;主要作物抗涝渍的机理及抗渍高产栽培;涝渍地作物病虫草害的发生规律及综合防治技术;涝渍地生态环境异化评价与生态恢复技术。基于江汉平原实际,今后湿地农业必须在国土整治与水资源合理分配、调控技术、选择与培育湿地特色产业和恢复优美环境与确保食物安全等方面进行重点攻关研究。     

高效无机混凝剂聚硅酸铁铝的研究

高效混凝剂是目前水处理研究的热点用水玻璃、硫酸铁和硫酸铝制取聚硅酸铁铝混凝剂（PSFA),确定了制备PSFA混凝剂的优化条件：硅酸聚合度n为05,Fe³⁺及Al³⁺与SiO²的摩尔比为1：l,Fe³⁺与A³⁺的摩尔比为1：l,水解度B*为0.5,而熟化时间对PSFA混凝剂的混凝性能影响不明显用PSFA混凝剂处理实际水样,并与单独投加混凝剂硫酸铁及硫酸铁加助换剂聚硅酸效果进行了比较,结果表明,PSFA混凝剂的效果最好,而且用药量少;同时还对PSFA混凝剂的混凝机理进行了讨论     

红树林和酸性潮滩土

红树林和酸性潮滩土是我国热带和亚热带沿海地区常见的一种生态系统。我国现有红树林面积35万亩,种类组成有21科38种,一般自南向北逐渐减少。红树林死亡后所遗留的根系和枝叶经分解可导致土壤酸化。酸性潮滩土主要性质:1.质地粘重以中壤土至轻粘土为主;2.土壤含盐量在0.3—4.2％之间,SO₄^2-含量0.6—18.4meq/100g±;3.有机质含量0.4—11.8％,C/N比较宽（11.3—44.5）,磷素养分较低,阳离子代换量9.1—17.6meq,100g±;4.pH变幅大,自3.0至6.9。酸性潮滩土主要开发模式是种水稻,其次是海水养殖。利用上的障碍性因素较突出,建议加强红树林管理:1.划定采伐区;2.建立保护区;3.开展红树林生态系统观察研究。     

Effect of potential HONO sources on peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation in eastern China in winter

As an important secondary photochemical pollutant, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) has been studied over decades, yet its simulations usually underestimate the corresponding observations, especially in polluted areas. Recent observations in north China found unusually high concentrations of PAN during wintertime heavy haze events, but the current model still cannot reproduce the observations, and researchers speculated that nitrous acid (HONO) played a key role in PAN formation. For the first time we systematically assessed the impact of potential HONO sources on PAN formation mechanisms in eastern China using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model in February of 2017. The results showed that the potential HONO sources significantly improved the PAN simulations, remarkably accelerated the RO_x (sum of hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxy radicals) cycles, and resulted in 80%–150% enhancements of PAN near the ground in the coastal areas of eastern China and 10%–50% enhancements in the areas around 35–40°N within 3 km during a heavy haze period. The direct precursors of PAN were aldehyde and methylglyoxal, and the primary precursors of PAN were alkenes with C > 3, xylenes, propene and toluene. The above results suggest that the potential HONO sources should be considered in regional and global chemical transport models when conducting PAN studies.     

盘锦市秋季PM2.5水溶性离子特征及来源分析

为研究盘锦市秋季PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子污染特征及来源,于2016年10月在盘锦市开发区、文化公园和第二中学采集PM_(2.5)样品,用离子色谱分析其水溶性离子.同时,分析了PM_(2.5)及水溶性离子浓度特征,并通过离子平衡计算、相关性分析和聚类分析对其污染特征和来源进行研究.结果表明:盘锦市秋季PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为(52.71±19.44)μg·m~(-3),低于环境空气质量标准(GB 3095—2012)日均浓度限值(75μg·m~(-3)),不同点位之间表现为:开发区第二中学文化公园.开发区、文化公园和第二中学的水溶性离子总质量浓度分别为13.64、13.16和13.19μg·m~(-3),分别占PM_(2.5)浓度的22.83%、29.72%和24.36%,各点位均表现为NO~-_3、SO■和NH~+_4质量浓度较大.阴阳离子当量比值(AE/CE)均大于1,表明采样期间盘锦市颗粒物整体偏酸性.离子间相关关系分析显示,SNA的主要存在形式为(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4NO_3和KNO_3等.NO~-_3/SO■的均值为1.41,说明移动源对PM_(2.5)的贡献大于固定源.通过聚类分析得出,盘锦市秋季PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子主要来源于气态污染物的二次转化、生物质和化石燃料燃烧及土壤扬尘或建筑扬尘排放.     

大气硫氧化物污染对早熟禾种群遗传结构的影响

大气硫氧化物是我国影响最为严重的污染物之一,本文采用同工酶分析技术研究了大气硫氧化物污染对1年生植物早熟禾种群遗传结构的影响、结果表明,污染地点和清洁地点种群间等位基因频率存在较大差异,但污染种群之间和清洁种群之间等位基因频率比较一致．污染种群的遗传变异明显低于清洁种群,污染种群和清洁种群间的Nai’s遗传距离为0.135～0.150,G_ST为0.202,表明在污染种群和清洁种群之间存在较大的差别．计算的基因流强度较小,为0.988,这与污染地点选择压力较大有关,掩盖了实际种群间的扩散强度．