T型氧化沟工艺处理低碳源生活污水的效果研究

详细介绍了T型氧化沟工艺的特征,并考察研究了该工艺处理低碳源生活污水的长期运行效果。研究结果表明,工艺出水COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN和TP年平均浓度分别为13.9、3.8、0.91、18.80和1.67 mg/L,去除率分别为88.99%、94.37%、96.74%、37.57%和41.58%,均能达到相应的排放标准。由于T型氧化沟中以好氧环境为主,缺乏厌氧和缺氧环境以及进水的BOD5/TN值低,工艺对有机物及NH3-N的去除效果较好,但TN和TP去除效果较低。提出了加强工艺脱氮除磷的措施,为同类型污水处理厂改造提供参考。     

温州近海海域海水及滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染特征分析

为了解温州近海海域全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)的污染状况和特征,采用固相萃取/高效液相串联质谱检测法分析了采自乐清湾、瓯江口、西湾、飞云江口及洞头半屏岛的近海海水和滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染水平。结果显示,温州近海海水普遍存在PFOS和PFOA污染,其中,PFOS的浓度范围为<1.0～31.36 ng/L,中位浓度为2.29 ng/L;PFOA的浓度范围为<1.0～23.66 ng/L,中位浓度为5.29 ng/L。滩涂沉积物样品中PFOS和PFOA的浓度范围(干重)分别为(<1.0～11.91)×10-9(中位浓度为3.60×10-9)和(1.84～34.01)×10-9(中位浓度为6.83×10-9)。温州近海海水中PFOS和PFOA的污染水平明显高于香港沿岸、中国南海海水、韩国沿岸海水和近海珠江三角洲,与大连湾的海水相当,海岸滩涂沉积物中的PFOS和PFOA浓度远高于珠江和黄浦江沉积物中的浓度。     

超声波促进好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中细菌群落结构分析

应用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE对超声波-好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中微生物种群的多样性进行研究.通过SDS细胞裂解法提取不同时期污泥中的基因组DNA,采用通用引物进行V3区域PCR扩增,长约190 bp的PCR产物经DGGE分离后,获得污泥微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱,对条带进行切胶测序,使用序列数据进行同源性分析并建立系统发育树.DGGE图谱表明,在反应器运行的不同时期,微生物群落结构发生动态演替.5、10、15、20、25 d微生物相似性与0 d相比分别为61.2%、48.2%、46.4%、42.6%、41.7%,总细菌Shannon指数经历了一个从逐渐减少到趋于稳定的过程,这表明超声波改变污泥内部性质,导致微生物多样性的降低.UPGMA聚类分析将DGGE图谱区分为三大族群并对应于不同运行时期.测序结果表明,超声波-好氧/缺氧污泥消化中微生物群落主要为Firmicute、Genuscitrobacter、Bacilli、α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria.     

Fe/Al改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附性能研究

利用膨润土原矿提取了粒径小于2μm的膨润土胶体,经过钠质化处理后分别用聚羟基铁和聚羟基铝进行改性,然后用一次平衡法研究了改性膨润土对水体中铬酸根的吸附性能.结果表明,与原矿相比,改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量有了不同程度的提高,铁改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量大于铝改性者.CrO42-的吸附平衡浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1时,Mt-1(Fe)、Mt-2(Fe)和Mt-3(Al)对铬酸根的吸附量分别为271.0 mmol·kg-1、114.0 mmol·kg-1和16.1 mmol·kg-1.改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量随离子强度的增加而增大,随体系pH值的增加而减小.铬酸根在改性膨润土表面的吸附以专性吸附机制为主,静电吸附所占比例很小,一般不超过30%.这些研究结果可为开发新型水处理剂提供理论指导.     

A juvenile lizard specimen with well-preserved skin impressions from the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China

Lizards are now relatively well known from the Yixian Formation of northeastern China. In this study, we describe a juvenile lizard from a fossil horizon at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia. These beds predate the Yixian Formation, and are probably Late Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous in age. The new specimen thus documents the first lizard material from the Daohugou locality and is the earliest lizard skeleton from China. Comparisons with developmental stages of modern lizards suggest the Daohugou lizard is a hatchling. Although tiny, the specimen is notable in preserving exquisite skin impressions showing the variation in scalation across the body, the shape and position of the cloacal outlet, and details of the manus and pes. These are the earliest recorded lepidosaurian skin traces. In its general proportions and the possession of paired frontals, the small Daohugou lizard resembles both the Yixian taxon Yabeinosaurus tenuis and the questionable Jeholacerta formosa, but it differs from the latter in scalation and, based on other characters, may be distinct from both.     

Further evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd/D lattice: emission of charged particles

Almost two decades ago, Fleischmann and Pons reported excess enthalpy generation in the negatively polarized Pd/D-D₂O system, which they attributed to nuclear reactions. In the months and years that followed, other manifestations of nuclear activities in this system were observed, viz. tritium and helium production and transmutation of elements. In this report, we present additional evidence, namely, the emission of highly energetic charged particles emitted from the Pd/D electrode when this system is placed in either an external electrostatic or magnetostatic field. The density of tracks registered by a CR-39 detector was found to be of a magnitude that provides undisputable evidence of their nuclear origin. The experiments were reproducible. A model based upon electron capture is proposed to explain the reaction products observed in the Pd/D-D₂O system.

催化剂Ru/ZrO2-CeO2催化湿式氧化苯酚

催化剂Ru/ZrO₂-CeO₂催化湿式氧化苯酚的过程表明,Ru/ZrO₂-CeO₂可以显著提高COD和苯酚去除效果,当反应温度为170℃,压力为3 MPa,反应120 min后,COD和苯酚的去除率分别达到了99％和100％.试验还考察了不同反应条件对苯酚溶液COD去除的影响,并获得了最优的反应条件：温度为170℃,压力为3 MPa,催化剂的投加量为5　g/Ｌ,搅拌速度为500 r/min.通过对中间产物的分析,本研究提出了催化湿式氧化苯酚的简单路径图,认为苯酚首先被氧化成小分子有机酸,接着小分子有机酸被氧化成二氧化碳和水.前一个过程是快速反应,后一个过程中的乙酸氧化是慢速过程,需要在高温下才能完成.乙酸的氧化主要是自由基攻击α碳上的C—H键,先生成甲酸,并最终生成二氧化碳和水.     

Kinetics of selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 on Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst

The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH3. The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O2 was studied in this work. The results show that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99, 0.01-0.13, and 0 for NO, O2 and NH3, respectively, at 350-450℃. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst. The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N2 and H2O. Gaseous O2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process. It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH3.     

强化厌氧污泥体系同步脱硫反硝化特性研究

以硫化物为电子给体的自养反硝化厌氧体系是代替传统异养反硝化工艺处理低C/N比含氮废水的有效工艺,可以同时去除硫化物和硝酸盐.将脱氮硫杆菌菌悬液接种到厌氧污泥体系中,脱氮硫杆菌快速富集,采用5组进水比N/S比不同的反应瓶进行试验,运行15d后,测定不同时段的出水硫化物、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硫酸盐浓度等指标,考察强化厌氧污泥体系去除硫化物和硝酸盐的特性,并对生化反应机制进行初步研究.结果表明,强化厌氧污泥体系运行3h后,进水中90%的硫化物被去除,硫化物的去除与进水N/S比无关,硫化物(以S计)去除速率高达20～24g·(m3·h)-1,是相关文献报道的10倍左右;运行6h后,进水中65%的硝氮被去除,硝氮的去除负荷随着进水N/S比的提高而增大,最高达到940g·(m3·h)-1,约为硫自养反硝化体系硝氮去除负荷的2倍,此时体系中亚硝氮积累,最高浓度达到93mg·L-1,进水N/S比低的条件下,6h后亚硝氮消失,进水N/S比较高时,21h后出水中未检测到亚硝氮.表明强化厌氧污泥体系停留6h后可以实现同时去除硫化物和硝酸盐,但硝酸盐首先转化为亚硝氮.与以往不同的是研究发现硫化物与生物硫粒产生多硫化合物的链式反应,是硫化物迅速转化的主要途径,此外,还原硝氮的电子给体并不来源于硫化物,可能主要来源于体系中产生的单质硫.     

Pd/C气体扩散电极用于电生成H2O2降解苯酚的研究

采用自制的Pd/C气体扩散阴极和Ti/IrO2/RuO2阳极,在无隔膜电解槽中对苯酚模拟废水降解效果及机制进行了研究,采用电子自旋共振法(ESR)对电解体系中产生的羟自由基(·OH)进行了检测.结果表明,在Pd/C气体扩散体系中掺杂Pd催化剂可以促进H2 O2的生成(H2 O2的稳定浓度是7.5 mg/L),有利于·OH的产生.经电化学氧化处理120 min后,苯酚和COD的去除率分别达到97.2%和50%,表明在电催化氧化过程中苯酚被氧化生成了大量低分子量中间产物.废水的BOD5/COD值达到0.73是处理前的9.1倍,苯酚废水的可生化降解性通过电化学氧化处理后显著提高.在该电化学体系中苯酚的降解是在阳极直接、间接氧化及阴极产生的H2 O2、·OH的氧化共同作用下完成的.通过对紫外扫描光谱图的分析推断出苯酚在电解过程中有醌类物质生成;由GC-MS检测到了邻苯二酚、对苯二酚、苯醌等芳香族化合物和己二酸、顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、丁二酸、丙二酸、乙二酸等短链羧酸,据此提出了苯酚降解的可能历程.