长江流域主要污染物总量减排及水质响应的时空特征

从流域尺度评估污染物减排与水质响应成为我国水环境质量管理的重要内容,以长江流域为研究对象,分析了“十二五”期间长江10个子流域的主要污染物(化学需氧量和氨氮)减排效果及水质响应的时空差异。结果表明,环保投资大幅度增加促进了长江流域主要污染物的减排,然而不合理的环保投资结构导致流域水污染治理效率并不高。不同流域污染负荷差异显著,长江中下游负荷量约为源头区的4倍。不同污染物的水体质量浓度与流域负荷量之间的响应机制存在明显差异,其中,长江各流域水体氨氮质量浓度对流域的氨氮负荷量变化表现出积极的响应关系,相比之下,长江各流域水体高锰酸盐指数的年平均质量浓度变化趋势与流域化学需氧量负荷的变化并不一致。建议调整长江流域污染治理的环保投资结构,提高生活源污染的治理效率,同时在分析流域总量减排与水质响应不确定性基础上,优化和调整流域污染物管理方案.     

咪唑类[PF6]^-型离子液体萃取胺类化合物

以眯唑类[PF6]^-型离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[Bmim][PF6]）、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[Hmim][PF6]）和1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[Omim][PF6]）对苯胺、对氯苯胺等7种胺类化合物的萃取,考察了溶液初始浓度、相比、盐类、pH及离子液体眯唑基团上取代烷基对萃取平衡的影响,并研究了萃取过程的热效应。实验结果表明：溶液初始浓度对分配系数影响较小;相比10：1是离子液体对胺类化合物的溶解饱和临界点,当相比大于10：1时,分配系数降低;NaCl、K2SO4可以增大萃取分配系数,ZnSO4对分配系数几乎没有影响;pH增加,分配系数增大;离子液体对不同取代基的胺类萃取能力有较大的差异,咪唑基团上取代烷基的长度对不同胺类物质的分配系数影响较显著;萃取过程属于焓增大的吸热过程。     

北京东郊污灌区表层土壤微量元素的小尺度空间结构特征

岩溶山区表土中＾７Ｂｅ、＾１３７Ｃｓ、＾２２６Ｒａ和＾２２８Ｒａ地球化学相分配的实验研究表明，４种核素绝大部分存在于Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ氧化物，有机质及残渣相中。它们在表土的迁移过程中具微粒迁移性，能较好地随土粒般运，可作为土粒侵蚀或沉积的示踪剂。     

成都施用磷肥中镭（^226Ra）含量调查及对农田环境影响评价

本文报道了成都磷肥及其原料矿石中外照射剂量水平；用国家标准规定的方法测定了磷肥及其矿石中＾２２６Ｒａ含量；调查了同一生产厂家不同批号磷肥中＾２２６Ｒａ含量变化情况；估算出施用磷肥后可能带来的放射性环境污染，并对磷肥中＾２２６Ｒａ可能导致的农田环境影响作了简要评价? ?     

Concentrations of U,U, U,Th, Th,Th, Ra,Ra, Ra,Po, Pb and Pb in drinking water in Italy: reconciling safety standards based on measurements of gross α and β

Some important naturally occurring α- and β-radionuclides in drinking water samples collected in Italy were determined and the radiological quality evaluated. The mean activity concentrations (mBq L⁻¹) of the radionuclides in the water samples were almost in the order: 26 ± 36 (²³⁴U) > 21 ± 30 (²³⁸U) > 8.9 ± 15 (²²⁶Ra) > 4.8 ± 6.3 (²²⁸Ra) > 4.0 ± 4.1 (²¹⁰Pb) > 3.2 ± 3.7 (²¹⁰Po) > 2.7 ± 1.2 (²¹²Pb) > 1.4 ± 1.8 (²²⁴Ra) > 1.1 ± 1.3 (²³⁵U) > 0.26 ± 0.39 (²²⁸Th) > 0.0023 ± 0.0009 (²³⁰Th) > 0.0013 ± 0.0006 (²³²Th). The mean estimated dose (μSv yr⁻¹) to an adult from the water intake was in this order: 2.8 ± 3.3 (²¹⁰Po) > 2.4 ± 3.2 (²²⁸Ra) > 2.1 ± 2.1 (²¹⁰Pb) > 1.8 ± 3.1 (²²⁶Ra) > 0.94 ± 1.30 (²³⁴U) > 0.70 ± 0.98 (²³⁸U) > 0.069 ± 0.087 (²²⁴Ra) > 0.036 ± 0.044 (²³⁵U) > 0.014 ± 0.021 (²²⁸Th) > 0.012 ± 0.005 (²¹²Pb) > 0.00035 ± 0.00029 (²³⁰Th) > 0.00022 ± 0.00009 (²³²Th). It is obvious that ²¹⁰Po, ²²⁸Ra, ²¹⁰Pb and ²²⁶Ra are the most important dose contributors in the drinking water intake. As far as the seventeen brands of analysed drinking water were concerned, the committed effective doses were in the range of 2.81–38.5 μSv yr⁻¹, all well below the reference level of the committed effective dose (100 μSv yr⁻¹) recommended by the WHO. These data throw some light on the scale of the radiological impact on the public from some naturally occurring radionuclides in drinking water, and can also serve as a comparison for the dose contribution from artificial radionuclides released to the environment as a result of human practices. Based on the radionuclide composition in the analysed waters, comment was made on the new screening level for gross α activity in guidelines for drinking-water quality recommended by the WHO, 2004.     

External gamma-ray dose rate and radon concentration in indoor environments covered with Brazilian granites

Health hazard from natural radioactivity in Brazilian granites, covering the walls and floor in a typical dwelling room, was assessed by indirect methods to predict external gamma-ray dose rates and radon concentrations. The gamma-ray dose rate was estimated by a Monte Carlo simulation method and validated by in-situ measurements with a NaI spectrometer. Activity concentrations of ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K in an extensive selection of Brazilian commercial granite samples measured by using gamma-ray spectrometry were found to be 4.5-450 Bq kg⁻¹, 4.9-160 Bq kg⁻¹ and 190-2029 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. The maximum external gamma-ray dose rate from floor and walls covered with the Brazilian granites in the typical dwelling room (5.0 m × 4.0 m area, 2.8 m height) was found to be 120 nGy h⁻¹, which is comparable with the average worldwide exposure to external terrestrial radiation of 80 nGy h⁻¹ due to natural sources, proposed by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Radon concentrations in the room were also estimated by a simple mass balance equation and exhalation rates calculated from the measured values of ²²⁶Ra concentrations and the material properties. The results showed that the radon concentration in the room ventilated adequately (0.5 h⁻¹) will be lower than 100 Bq m⁻³, value recommended as a reference level by the World Health Organization.     

Seasonal variation of Ra/Ra ratio in seaweed: implications for water circulation patterns in coastal areas of the Noto Peninsula, Japan

To examine water circulation patterns of coastal water, 72 seaweed (Sargasso) samples and 27 coastal water samples were collected from coastal areas of the Noto Peninsula, Japan, during the period from December 1998 to June 2002. The (228)Ra and (226)Ra activities of those samples were measured by low-background gamma-ray spectrometry. There was a wide range of activities of (228)Ra (0.5-2Bq/kg-fresh) and (226)Ra (0.5-1.2Bq/kg-fresh) in the Sargasso samples. The (228)Ra/(226)Ra activity ratio of Sargasso samples exhibited seasonal variation with minimum values in June ((228)Ra/(226)Ra= approximately 1) and maximum values in December (1.5-2.5), which was mainly governed by changes in (228)Ra activity. It is also notable that the seasonal variation of the (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio of Sargasso is in approximate agreement with that of the ambient coastal water. Sargasso samples appear to have retained the (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio of the ambient coastal waters, and the temporal variations in that ratio provide insight into seasonal changes in water circulation in the Noto Peninsula coastal area.     

Ra and Ra in scale and sludge samples and their correlation with the chemical composition

In order to contribute to a future waste management policy related to the presence of technologically enhanced natural occurring radioactive material (TENORM) in the Brazilian petroleum industry, the present work presents the chemical composition and the ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content of sludge and scales generated during the offshore E and P petroleum activities in the Campos Basin, the primary offshore oil production region in Brazil.The ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content on 36 sludge and scales samples were determined by gamma-spectrometry. Based on X-ray diffractometry results, a chemical analysis schema for these samples was developed. The results have shown that scales are 75% barium and strontium sulfates, with a mean ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content of 106 kBq kg⁻¹ and 78 kBq kg⁻¹, respectively. On the other hand, sludge samples have a much more complex chemical composition than the scales. The ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content in sludge also varies much more than the content observed in the scales samples and ranged from 0.36 to 367 kBq kg⁻¹ and 0.25 to 343 kBq kg⁻¹, respectively.     

土壤对煤矸石填充时地下水中F-、SO42-的吸附规律

通过室内静态模拟浸泡试验,文章探讨了平煤集团十二矿附近的土壤对该矿煤矸石井下填充过程中地下水溶出的F-和SO42-的吸附性能.研究发现:土壤对F-吸附效果较好,而对SP42-较差;改性土壤对F-和SO42-的吸附效果均较好,均能使其在地下水中的含量达到地下水Ⅲ类标准;F-和SO42-在改性土壤上的吸附等温模型分别符合Freundlich、Temkin等温式;改性土壤对F-和SO42-的解吸过程分为快速和慢速两个反应阶段.通过试验数据分析得出:井下填充时煤矸石和改性土壤的最佳配比为1∶0.26.     

好氧-厌氧循环交替生物除磷影响因素的研究

采用厌氧-好氧循环交替生物除磷工艺,研究了各因素对系统除磷效果的影响。结果表明,培养的基质是生物除磷最为关键的影响因素,综合考虑,利用乙酸钠与葡萄糖混合基质培养的活性污泥体系最好,对COD、N-H、PO4^3-的去除分别为0.966、0.979、0.921,尤其是在PO4^3-的去除上效果更为显著,比单一葡萄糖培养基质的0.4高出一倍多。利用乙酸钠与葡萄糖混合基质培养的活性污泥在pH为7～8（7.5）、温度为20℃～30℃、厌氧阶段DO为小于（等于）0.16 mg/L、好氧阶段DO为2 mg/L～4 mg/L、COD在300 mg/L～500 mg/L、污泥龄为15天时体系运行效果最佳。