连云港田湾海域表层沉积物中放射性核素含量水平

采用高纯锗γ谱仪测量连云港田湾海域表层沉积物中7种放射性核素含量水平,分析其粒度特征和放射性核素分布特征,并与我国其他海域作对比。结果表明,该海域以细颗粒沉积物为主,以悬移质泥沙搬运为主要沉积模式;沉积物中~(210)Pb、~(238)U、~(228)Ra、~(40)K、~(226)Ra、~(228)Th、~(137)Cs的测定均值分别为50.89 Bq/kg、39.98 Bq/kg、46.70 Bq/kg、898.72 Bq/kg、25.20 Bq/kg、51.65 Bq/kg、2.01 Bq/kg,虽然比活度变化较大,但总体处于一个水平;每个采样点位各核素出现的极大值有所不同,与离岸距离无明显关系;铀系、钍系衰变系列核素的放射性均呈现出一定的衰变不平衡性;沉积物中~(40)K含量明显高于我国其他海域,~(137)Cs含量明显低于渤海湾,总体高于其他南部海域,与以往研究结论基本一致。     

氯酚溶液的γ辐照还原降解研究

氯酚由于氯取代基产生的诱导效应,使其容易受到亲核粒子的攻击而被还原降解.通过测定γ辐照前后氯酚母体、Cl-离子以及反应中间产物的浓度变化,研究了4种氯酚水溶液(4-CP、2-CP、2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP)与水合电子ea-q反应的降解脱氯过程.结果表明,在水合电子ea-q还原体系中,4种氯酚的降解脱氯顺序依次为:2,4,6-TCP>2,4-DCP>2-CP>4-CP,多氯酚比单氯酚容易降解脱氯,邻位上的氯原子要比对位上的氯原子更容易去除,苯酚和Cl-是氯酚反应降解的最终产物.另外,4种氯酚的降解和脱氯过程皆遵循一级反应动力学特征,4-CP、2-CP、2,4-DCP和2,4,6-TCP的降解反应常数分别是0.154、0.253、0.750和1.188 kGy-1,脱氯反应常数分别为0.137、0.219、0.251和0.306 kGy-1.     

纳米γ-Al2O3去除氟离子的机理及行为研究

研究了纳米γ-Al2O3吸附剂对氟离子的吸附行为,考查了吸附平衡时间、温度、溶液的pH等对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,在室温下,纳米γ-Al2O3对氟离子的吸附在3min基本达到平衡;在pH3～9范围内,吸附率达95%以上;吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型,其反应的表观活化能(Ea)为10.99kJ.mol-1;颗粒内扩散过程是吸附的主要控制步骤,而颗粒外扩散过程对吸附也有影响;吸附过程符合Langmuir、D-R等温模型,常温下,纳米γ-Al2O3对氟离子的平均吸附能为11.15kJ.mol-1.吸附反应的ΔGθ<0,ΔHθ>0,说明该吸附过程是自发的吸热反应.共存阴离子HCO3-和PO43-、阳离子Cu2+对氟离子的吸附影响较大.纳米γ-Al2O3在动态和静态吸附实验中的除氟效果相近.     

Photocatalytic remediation of γ-HCH contaminated soil induced by α-Fe2O3 and TiO2

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of γ-HCH on soil surfaces was carded out to evaluate the photocatalytic effectiveness of α-Fe2O3 and TiO2 toward degrading γ-HCH on soil surfaces. After being spiked with γ-HCH, soil samples were loaded with α-Fe2O3 or TiO2 and exposed to UV-light irradiation. Different catalyst loads, 0%, 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% (wt.)α-Fe2O3 ; 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2:(Wt.)TiO2, were tested for up to 7 d irradiation. The effects of soil thickness, acidity, and humic substances were also investigated. The obtained results indicated that the γ-HCH photodegradation follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The addition of α-Fe2O3 or TiO2 accelerates the photodegradation of γ-HCH, while the photodegradation rate decreases when the content of α-Fe2O3 exceeds 7% (wt.).The degradation rate increases with the soil pH value. Humic substances inhibit the photocatalytic degradation of γ-HCH., and trichlorobenzene are detected as photodegradation intermediates, which are gradually degraded with the photodegradation evolution.     

γ-辐照对敌草隆的降解过程及毒性变化分析

采用γ-辐照技术降解水中敌草隆,考察了辐照降解敌草隆的过程以及通过Ames实验和发光细菌实验考察了敌草隆溶液降解前后的毒性变化.结果表明,·OH自由基、·H自由基和e-aq自由基对辐照降解水中敌草隆贡献大小依次为:·OH>e-aq>·H;·OH自由基、e-aq自由基和·H自由基在辐照降解敌草隆过程中量子效率的比例为:3∶1∶2.e-aq自由基、·H自由基和敌草隆及降解产物主要发生脱氯反应和加成反应.随辐照时间的增加,致突变性先增加然后减少;在考察的辐照时间里,敌草隆水溶液辐照前后没有表现出移码型致突变性;但是在辐照时间为22.2 min时,表现出碱基置换型致突变性.随着辐照时间的延长,敌草隆溶液对发光细菌的急性生物毒性先减小然后增加,敌草隆降解后生成了急性毒性更强的物质.     

Probing and understanding interaction of Eu(III) with γ- alumina in presenceof malonic acid

Radionuclide migration in aquatic environment is influenced by its sorption onto colloids/mineral oxides and the presence of organic complexing anions. With a view to understand the sorption of trivalent actinides by mineral oxides in presence of organic acid, in the present study, Eu(III), malonic acid (MA) and γ-alumina are considered as representatives of trivalent actinides, low molecular weight natural occurring organic acid and aluminol sites, respectively. The influence of MA on sorption of Eu(III) by γ-alumina was elucidated by batch sorption, spectroscopic techniques and surface complexation modeling, for the first time. Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic studies of MA sorbed on γ-alumina revealed the presence of two inner-sphere surface complexes. Batch sorption for binary (alumina-Eu(III)) and ternary (alumina-Eu(III)-MA) systems were investigated as a function of pH, Eu(III) concentration and sequential addition of Eu(III)/MA. The pH edge for Eu(III) sorption shifts to higher pH with increasing Eu(III) concentration. In ternary systems, Eu(III) sorption is significantly enhanced at pH < 4.5. Eu(III) speciation on γ-alumina is independent of addition sequence of Eu(III)/MA. Time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of Eu(III) sorbed on γ-alumina exhibited two surface species, XOEu²⁺ and (YO)₂Eu⁺. The enhancement in I₆₁₆/I₅₉₂ and lifetime for ternary systems, as compared to binary system, at low pH, indicates the participation of Eu-MA complexes in the formation of surface species in ternary systems. The diffuse layer model has been employed to successfully model the experimental sorption profiles of binary and ternary systems, using code FITEQL 4.0, by considering the surface species identified by spectroscopic techniques.     

溶氧及pH对地衣芽孢杆菌合成聚γ-谷氨酸的影响

在3.7L发酵罐中研究了溶氧、pH和甘油流加对地衣芽孢杆菌分批发酵生产聚γ-谷氨酸(γ-PGA)的影响.结果表明,当葡萄糖浓度为27.9g/L且通气量控制在4L/min时,搅拌转速达到300r/min即可满足细胞生长和聚γ-谷氨酸合成对溶解氧的需求.不同pH控制方式对聚γ-谷氨酸分批发酵的影响有较大差异.不控制pH时,细胞干重和聚γ-谷氨酸产量比控制pH为5.5的发酵分别低26%和94%.研究了将pH控制在4.0、4.5、5.0、5.5、6.0和6.5的聚γ-谷氨酸分批发酵过程,发现在pH5.5时聚γ-谷氨酸总产量最高.以溶氧水平作为甘油代谢指针来控制甘油限制性流加既可维持一定菌体生长,又不会发生发酵液中残余甘油及有害代谢产物阻遏作用.菌体关于甘油的表观的率、聚γ-谷氨酸的平均比生产速率较没有采用甘油限制性流加时都有所提高.图4表1参7     

广东下庄铀矿田土壤的天然放射性研究

用γ能谱分析方法测量了广东下庄铀矿田土壤中放射性核素^>226Ra,^>232Th 和 K 的含量,分别为 111.7(40.2～441.5)Bq/kg,71.5(32.6～4088.1)Bq/kg, 672.1(441.8～912.6)Bq/kg.同全国和广东省的平均值相比,^>226Ra 的含量明显偏高.在此基础上,计算了距地面 1m 高处空气γ辐射吸收剂量率、等效镭浓度和外照射指数,平均值分别为 123.9nGy/h, 265.7Bq/kg, 0.7,表明广东下庄铀矿田的γ辐射外照射水平远高于正常值.应用氡的对流和扩散理论,计算了空气中氡的理论浓度,平均值为 80.2Bq/m³计算结果与实测值基本吻合.     

纳米零价铁对γ-HCH的降解效果及机理研究

采用液相还原法制备纳米零价铁(nZVI),透射电镜表征显示,其粒径<20nm,在介质中处于团簇状态.利用所合成的nZVI对γ-HCH进行了还原脱氯研究,结果表明,nZVI具有很高的表面反应活性,当用量为0.5g/L时,反应90min,对2.5mg/L的γ-HCH去除率达90%以上.nZVI对γ-HCH的去除符合准一级反应动力学方程,其反应速率和去除率与pH值、nZVI添加量、γ-HCH初始浓度、共存离子等因素有关.反应速率随pH值的减小而增大,NO3-对反应速率有较强的抑制作用,Ca2+,Mg2+和SO42-对反应速率影响不大.利用GC-MS检测到降解产物四氯环己烯(TeCCH)和氯苯(CB)的存在,推测反应机制为双氯脱除反应和脱氯化氢反应.     

泉州市环境放射性水平调查

报道了福建省泉州市环境放射性水平调查方法和结果。调查结果表明 :(1)泉州市原野γ辐射剂量率为 72 .3～ 16 5 .1n Gy/ h,按测点和人口加权均值为 111.5 n Gy/ h和 110 .9n Gy/ h,高于福建省的平均值 (分别为 92 .6 n Gy/ h和87.1n Gy/ h) ,是 UNSCEAR1982年报告中给出的世界陆地γ辐射剂量率按人口加权均值 (5 0 n Gy/ h)的 2 .2 2倍。(2 )泉州市道路γ辐射剂量率测值范围为 6 5 .8～ 14 9.5 n Gy/ h,均值 113.7n Gy/ h,略高于福建省均值 10 6 .4 n Gy/ h。 (3)泉州市建筑物室内天然γ辐射剂量率测值范围为 12 8.9～ 2 86 .3n Gy/ h,按测点和人口加权均值分别为 190 .7n Gy/ h和 188.5 n Gy/h。不同建筑材料建筑物室内天然γ辐射剂量率由高到低的顺序依次为花岗石房 >砖与混凝土房 >煤渣砖房 >砖木、土木房。(4)泉州市天然γ辐射、宇宙和线射天然贯穿辐射所致居民人均年有效剂量当量分别为 1.0 5 m Sv、0 .16 m Sv和1.2 1m Sv,全区集体年有效剂量当量分别为 0 .76× 10 4人· Sv,0 .12× 10 4人·Sv,0 .88× 10 4人· Sv。(5 )土壤中 2 2 6 Ra、2 32 Th、4 0 K含量均值分别为 71.3Bq/ kg、6 8.8Bq/ kg、6 8.8Bq/ kg、94 3.7Bq/ kg。(6 )地下水中2 2 6 Ra、U、Th、Rn浓度均值分别为 31.9m Bq/ L、0 .5