C/N比调控污泥厌氧发酵产酸的数学模型研究

采用改进粒子群算法对ADM1模型中的关键参数进行了估计,经敏感性分析,确定了Monod最大比吸收速率、半饱和值、产物对底物的产率等3种参数对产酸速率具有较大影响.应用修正后的动力学参数对ADM1模型在不同C/N比调控下污泥厌氧发酵产酸结果进行了模拟.结果表明,模拟产酸数据和实测数据误差较小,说明修正后的ADM1模型能够很好地描述污泥厌氧发酵中C/N比条件对产酸的影响.     

过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果联合添加对猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化和腐熟的影响

调控堆肥过程中CO_2的排放,对于保证堆肥进程的有效进行和减少碳素损失具有重要意义.本文以过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果为添加剂,共设置4个处理:不添加添加剂(CK)、过磷酸钙处理(P)、腐烂苹果处理(A)及混合添加处理(1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果,PA),研究在自制堆肥反应箱猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化特征及其对堆肥腐熟的影响.结果表明,单加过磷酸钙处理进入高温期的时间晚于其他处理3～4 d,而混合添加处理并没有出现高温期推迟的现象.整个堆肥过程中,CK、P、A和PA处理CO_2-C的累积排放量分别占起始碳素的37.0%、33.0%、40.1%和36.7%,碳素损失分别为54.1%、50.3%、59.4%和55.7%.虽然单加过磷酸钙处理降低了堆肥中碳素损失,但却抑制了有机质的降解,增加了电导率值,而混合添加处理促进了有机质的降解,并使腐殖质含量较对照提高了11.8%.此外,单加过磷酸钙处理的种子发芽指数在40 d时才达到80%,而混合添加处理在24 d时已达到80%.综上分析,1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果联合添加是一种可行的畜禽粪便堆肥添加剂使用方法.     

CO_2在哌嗪水溶液中的吸收和再生特性研究

利用压力釜在100⁵00 kPa 压力和303500 kPa 压力和303³23K温度下,研究了 2.0323K温度下,研究了 2.0 4.9的哌嗪水溶液对二氧化碳的平衡吸收量,测试了温度和浓度对平衡吸收量的影响。co2的平衡吸收量随着浓度的增加而增加。313 K的操作温度既能保证较高的吸收量,又能保证较快的吸收速率,因此是合适的操作温度。对3.5M的PZ水溶液,在温度为368 4.9的哌嗪水溶液对二氧化碳的平衡吸收量,测试了温度和浓度对平衡吸收量的影响。co2的平衡吸收量随着浓度的增加而增加。313 K的操作温度既能保证较高的吸收量,又能保证较快的吸收速率,因此是合适的操作温度。对3.5M的PZ水溶液,在温度为368³83K的条件下进行再生。温度为368 K时,再生效率为82.13%,再生过程需 55 min,而升温至383 K后再生效率大幅提升至 95.98%,再生时间迅速降为41 min。考虑到再生的时间、效率及能耗等因素,在 378 K下进行再生相对适宜。在373K 的操作温度下进行多次再生实验,PZ 水溶液经过10个周期的实验后9.76%,吸收容量与新鲜溶液相比只损失了并且只降低了1.0个pH,这也说明,PZ水溶液再生效率及连续再生能力较为突出。     

One-pot synthesis of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst and its highly efficient performance for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide with ammonia

Series of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts with different Fe loading content were synthesized by simple one-pot strategy. The obtained catalysts were subjected to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ and were characterized by various techniques. The results show that Fe_0.63/Cu_1.50-SSZ-13 catalyst with proper Fe content exhibits excellent catalytic activity with widest operation temperature window from 160 to 580°C, excellent hydrothermal stability as well as good resistance to sulfur poisoning when compared with Cu-SSZ-13, signifying its great potential for practical applications. Further characterizations reveal that the synthesized Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts present typical chabazite (CHA) structure with good crystallinity, while isolated Cu²⁺ and monomeric Fe³⁺ are revealed as the predominant copper and iron species. At low temperatures, isolated Cu²⁺ species act as primary active sites for SCR reaction, while monomeric Fe³⁺ species provide sufficient active sites for sustain the SCR activity at high temperature. Moreover, Fe over doping would lead to the damage of zeolite structure, destruction of isolated Cu²⁺ site, as well as the formation of highly oxidizing Fe₂O₃, thus causing deterioration of catalytic performances.     

柴河小流域草地土壤环境的同位素示踪研究

以滇池柴河小流域为研究区域,于2011年7月采集草地样品全样、分层样共17个,对土壤粒度、w(SOM)(SOM为有机质)、w(TN)进行测定;采用放射性核素137Cs示踪技术估算研究流域土壤侵蚀速率;同时,测定δ13C(稳定性碳同位素丰度),以研究该流域生态环境状况. 结果表明:①土壤粒度组成为粉粒(66.74%~77.55%)>黏粒(21.22%~31.29%)>砂粒(1.23%~3.33%),同一土地利用方式的土壤粒度组成差异较小,土壤适宜耕作. ②CH1、CH2、CH3采样点的w(SOM)分别为3.51%、1.72%、2.54%,w(TN)分别为0.22%、0.17%、0.18%,二者相对偏低,并且土壤剖面的w(SOM)、w(TN)均随深度增加呈降低趋势. ③CH1、CH2、CH3采样点的137Cs含量分别为586.91、279.83和217.82bq/m2,侵蚀模数分别为324.96、879.33和1066.83t/(km2·a),表明研究区整体属于轻度侵蚀且表层土壤侵蚀较为严重. ④CH1、CH2、CH3采样点的δ13C平均值分别为-18.49‰、-24.5‰和-21.74‰,表明有机质主要来源于陆源.      

Toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide on the wheat seedlings

The toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([C8mim]Br) on wheat seedlings were evaluated. Wheat seedlings were cultivated in aqueous solution with [C8mim]Br at di erent concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 mg/L). The contents of photosynthetic pigment and proline, peroxidation of membrane lipid, and activities of antioxidation enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) in leaves were measured on day 7 after treatment with [C8mim]Br. The results showed that [C8mim]Br significantly decreased the contents of photosynthetic pigments, activities of antioxidant enzymes in the wheat leaves and in dry weight of seedlings, while increased the proline content and membrane lipid peroxidation. The results suggested that [C8mim]Br can inhibit photosynthesis and lead to oxidative stress to wheat seedlings.     

厌氧消化处理城市垃圾多因素研究

针对城市垃圾厌氧消化处理过程中反应复杂、影响因素多的特点 ,利用自行设计的厌氧发酵罐 ,采用正交试验的方法 ,以产气量为观察值 ,分析固含量 (TS)、消化温度和C/N比为对厌氧消化过程的影响 ,并分析了在不同固含量 (TS)下消化过程中pH值和挥发性脂肪酸 (VFA)的变化过程。结果表明 ,温度对厌氧消化过程影响最大 ,固含量 (TS)次之 ,C/N比影响最小 ,在相同条件下 ,高进料浓度(TS)产气量大 ,但同时反应过程中 pH值较低 ,挥发性脂肪酸 (VFA)浓度过高 ,容易抑制消化过程。     

草原土壤的碳氮分布与CO2排放通量的相关性分析

利用静态暗箱法,对内蒙古锡林河流域的贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)等草原群落样地的CO₂排放通量进行了测定;同时采集各样地的不同层次土壤混合样,分析其中有机碳和全氮的含量,探讨其与CO₂排放的相关性.结果发现:不同样地群落的CO₂排放与其土壤中不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量呈高度正相关,相关系数(R)均0.8以上,说明在环境因子相对稳定的情况下,土壤有机碳和全氮含量直接或间接地决定生态系统CO₂排放通量的变化.另外,土壤不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量随深度增加递减,其中70%以上集中在0～30cm土层中,说明它们主要是来自地表有机质的分解;在0～100cm的土层中,土壤有机碳和全氮的总含量从贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原、羊草草原和克氏针茅草原依次减少,表明降水量、蒸发量和干燥度是影响土壤有机碳、全氮分布的重要因子.     

Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH4 and CO2 under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil

Impacts of nutrient management on C mineralization and greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission from soils have been of much concern in global change. Using laboratory incubation, the production of CH₄ and CO₂ were studied from both bulk samples and the particle size fractions (PSF) of topsoil from a paddy under a long-term different fertilization trial (including non (NF), chemical without (CF) and with manure (CFM) fertilization, respectively) in the Tai Lake Region, China. Four PSFs (2000–200, 200–20, 20–2, <2 μm) were separated from undisturbed samples collected after rice harvest by a low-energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Both the bulk samples and PSFs were incubated under submerged condition for 72 days. The concentration of CH₄ and CO₂ evolved during incubation were determined by gas chromatography. C mineralization rates ranged from 0.13 to 0.52 mg C g⁻¹ C day⁻¹, with different fertilizations and size of the PSFs, and were not correlated with C/N ratio. While CO₂ production predominated over CH₄ from C mineralization from both bulk samples and the size fractions, CH₄ production played a predominant role in the total global warming potential (GWP) under all treatments. C mineralization of bulk soil was significantly higher under CF than under CFM and NF. CH₄ production, however, was 3 times as under CFM and 27 times as under NF, indicating a tremendous effect of chemical fertilization alone on the total GWP. CO₂ production from the PSFs differed from CH₄ under a single treatment, which was notably from the coarse PSFs larger than 200 μm. Higher C mineralization and CH₄ production with a higher metabolic quotient under CF implicated a vulnerability of soil functioning of GHGs mitigation in the paddy receiving chemical fertilizers only. Thus, rational organic amendments should be undertaken for mitigating the climate change.