Dynamic of functional microbial groups during mesophilic composting of agro-industrial wastes and free-living (N2)-fixing bacteria application

Although several reports are available concerning the composition and dynamics of the microflora during the composting of municipal solid wastes, little is known about the microbial diversity during the composting of agro-industrial refuse. For this reason, the first parts of this study included the quantification of microbial generic groups and of the main functional groups of C and N cycle during composting of agro-industrial refuse. After a generalized decrease observed during the initial phases, a new bacterial growth was observed in the final phase of the process. Ammonifiers and (N₂)-fixing aerobic groups predominated outside of the piles whereas, nitrate-reducing group increased inside the piles during the first 23 days of composting. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), showed an opposite trend of growth since ammonia oxidation decreased with the increase of the nitrite oxidation activity. Pectinolytics, amylolytics and aerobic cellulolytic were present in greater quantities and showed an upward trend in both the internal and external part of the heaps.Several free-living (N₂)-fixing bacteria were molecularly identify as belonging especially to uncommon genera of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as Stenotrophomonas, Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Alcaligenes, Achromobacter and Caulobacter. They were investigated for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to employ as improvers of quality of compost. Some strains of Azotobacter chrococcum and Azotobacter salinestris were also tested. When different diazotrophic bacterial species were added in compost, the increase of total N ranged from 16% to 27% depending on the selected microbial strain being used. Such microorganisms may be used alone or in mixtures to provide an allocation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in soil.     

Elevated CO2 facilitates C and N accumulation in a rice paddy ecosystem

Elevated CO2 can stimulate wetland carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) exports through gaseous and dissolved pathways, however, the consequent influences on the C and N pools are still not fully known. Therefore, we set up a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment in a paddy field in Eastern China. After five year fumigation, we studied C and N in the plant–water–soil system. The results showed:(1) elevated CO2 stimulated rice aboveground biomass and N accumulations by 19.1% and 12.5%, respectively.(2) Elevated CO2 significantly increased paddy soil TOC and TN contents by 12.5% and 15.5%, respectively in the 0–15 cm layer, and22.7% and 26.0% in the 15–30 cm soil layer.(3) Averaged across the rice growing period,elevated CO2 greatly increased TOC and TN contents in the surface water by 7.6% and 11.4%,respectively.(4) The TOC/TN ratio and natural δ15N value in the surface soil showed a decreasing trend under elevated CO2. The above results indicate that elevated CO2 can benefit C and N accumulation in paddy fields. Given the similarity between the paddies and natural wetlands, our results also suggest a great potential for long-term C and N accumulation in natural wetlands under future climate patterns.     

序批式动态膜生物反应器处理低碳氮比废水的试验研究

以序批式动态膜反应器为研究对象,对其处理低碳氮比废水的效果进行了试验研究.试验温度为19 ～ 21℃,MLSS为3～5g/L;好氧阶段溶解氧质量浓度为2 ～4 mg/L,厌氧阶段溶解氧质量浓度为0.2～0.5 mg/L;水力停留时间共12 h,其中好氧阶段8h,厌氧阶段4h.结果表明:当进水COD、TN和NH4+-N质量浓度分别为250～300mg/L、103 ～ 156 mg/L和92～140 mg/L时,反应器对上述污染物表现出较高且稳定的去除效率,COD、TN和NH4+-N平均去除率分别达到76.15％、82.16％和90.13％.同时,反应器系统中污泥的比硝化速率与常规处理装置中的活性污泥相比较高,以NH4+-N的降解量计为0.101 d-1,以NO3--N的积累量计为0.091 d-.     

小麦-玉米轮作体系农田氮素淋失特征及氮素表观平衡

连续6年采用渗漏计法研究了不同施氮处理下陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区农田土壤90 cm深度处氮素(N)淋失特征和土壤-作物体系氮素表观平衡状况.结果表明:该地区农田氮素淋溶主要发生在降雨量较多的玉米季,且集中在8月和9月.监测期内,TN和NO-3-N年平均流失量分别为2.72~23.07 kg·hm-2和1.53~18.72 kg·hm-2,年流失率分别为0.65%~3.44%和0.82%~3.32%,且年总氮、硝态氮流失量均随年施氮量增加呈指数增加.氮素淋失形态中,NO-3-N比例较高,可占总氮淋失量的56.00%~81.00%,且随着氮肥用量的降低,其占总氮淋失量的比例也随之减小.可见,施氮量的大小在一定程度上会影响淋失液中各形态氮的比例.氮素表观平衡结果显示,随着施氮量提高,氮素在土壤中的残留和表观氮盈余均呈现指数增加趋势.长期施氮条件下,土壤-作物体系氮素表观损失率的幅度为32.60%~55.20%,土壤表观残留率为-0.17%~8.20%.多年监测结果表明,优化施氮模式下,作物不仅可以获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率,农田氮素淋失量也大幅降低,在节约肥料资源的同时减轻了潜在的环境风险.     

三相生物流化床处理低C/N污水的亚硝化过程控制研究

将短程硝化与生物流化床相结合,采用低碳氮比的人工合成污水进行启动,考察进水COD、氨氮、DO、p H对硝化和亚硝化过程的影响。研究表明,较短的水力停留时间(HRT)和较少的接种污泥量有利于生物膜的生长,能够成功实现生物流化床的快速启动。高进水氨氮浓度有助于反应器实现亚硝酸盐的积累,但是这种积累并不稳定。当反应器中p H为7.5~8.1,ρ(DO)为1.5~2.5 mg/L时,最大亚硝化率达到75%左右,氨氮去除率达85%以上。出水NO-2-N和NO-3-N浓度随进水COD浓度的增加而减少;当进水COD浓度为50 mg/L时,出水硝酸盐浓度急剧减少,亚硝酸盐浓度有所降低,反应器发生同步硝化反硝化脱氮现象。     

Diurnal and spatial variations of soil NOx fluxes in the northern steppe of China

NO_x emissions from biogenic sources in soils play a significant role in the gaseous loss of soil nitrogen and consequent changes in tropospheric chemistry. In order to investigate the characteristics of NO_x fluxes and factors influencing these fluxes in degraded sandy grasslands in northern China, diurnal and spatial variations of NO_x fluxes were measured in situ. A dynamic flux chamber method was used at eight sites with various vegetation coverages and soil types in the northern steppe of China in the summer season of 2010. Fluxes of NO_x from soils with plant covers were generally higher than those in the corresponding bare vegetation-free soils, indicating that the canopy plays an important role in the exchange of NO_x between soil and air. The fluxes of NO_x increased in the daytime, and decreased during the nighttime, with peak emissions occurring between 12:00 and 14:00. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the diurnal variation of NO_x fluxes was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.05) and negatively with soil moisture content (P < 0.05). Based on measurement over a season, the overall variation in NO_x flux was lower than that of soil nitrogen contents, suggesting that the gaseous loss of N fromthe grasslands of northern China was not a significant contributor to the high C/N in the northern steppe of China. The concentration of NO_x emitted from soils in the region did not exceed the 1-hr National Ambient Air Quality Standard (0.25 mg/m³).     

Enhanced CO2 adsorptive performance of PEI/SBA-15 adsorbent using phosphate ester based surfactants as additives

In this study,a series of polyetherimide/SBA-15: 2-D hexagonal P6 mm,Santa Barbara USA(PEI/SBA-15) adsorbents modified by phosphoric ester based surfactants(including tri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate(TEP),bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate(BEP) and trimethyl phosphonoacetate(TMPA))were prepared for CO_2 adsorption.Experimental results indicated that the addition of TEP and BEP had positive effects on CO_2 adsorption capacity over PEI/SBA-15.In particular,the CO_2 adsorption amount could be improved by around 20% for 45PEI–5TEP/SBA-15 compared to the additive-free adsorbent.This could be attributed to the decrease of CO_2 diffusion resistance in the PEI bulk network due to the interactions between TEP and loaded PEI molecules,which was further confirmed by adsorption kinetics results.In addition,it was also found that the cyclic performance of the TEP-modified adsorbent was better than the surfactant-free one.This could be due to two main reasons,based on the results of in situ DRIFT and TG-DSC tests.First and more importantly,adsorbed CO_2 species could be desorbed more rapidly over TEP-modified adsorbent during the thermal desorption process.Furthermore,the enhanced thermal stability after TEP addition ensured lower degradation of amine groups during adsorption/desorption cycles.     

不同施肥方式对东北旱田黑土nirK和nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的影响及黑土保护建议

反硝化过程是土壤氮素循环的重要过程之一,与土壤氮肥损失和温室气体排放紧密相关。通过分析不同施肥方式对东北旱田黑土nirK型和nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的影响及其与N₂O排放的关系,证实黑土中nirK型比nirS型反硝化细菌多样性丰富,且更易受土壤理化性质的影响。施入化肥会降低东北旱田黑土反硝化细菌多样性、N₂O释放量和土壤养分含量,而有机肥的施入虽然可提高土壤养分含量,但是也会显著增加土壤反硝化作用,存在潜在的负面环境效应。因此对黑土地的保护要积极推行种养结合,建立可循环农业体系;适当配施有机肥料,调节黑土微生物活力;大力完善相关制度,营造科学管理新规范,从而构建我国黑土保护的立体格局。     

Enhancing anoxic denitrification of low C/N ratio wastewater with novel ZVI composite carriers

External organic carbon sources are needed to provide electron donors for the denitrification of wastewater with a low COD/NO₃^--N（C/N） ratio, increasing the treatment cost. The economic strategy is to enhance the bioactivity and/or biodiversity of denitrifiers to efficiently utilize organic substances in wastewater. In this study, novel zero-valent iron（ZVI） composite carriers were prepared and implemented in a suspended carrier biofilm reactor to enhance the bioactivity an...