碳同位素比技术定量估算城市大气CO2的来源

要有效地减少城市碳排放和正确地判断城市现有减排措施的有效性就必须准确地确定城市大气CO2的来源.由于碳同位素比从污染源到受体的传输过程中同位素分馏现象不明显,本研究建立了一套基于碳同位素比技术定量估算城市大气CO2来源的方法,并用该方法初步定量分析了上海市嘉定区大气CO2中来自燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质贡献的时空分布.上海市嘉定区大气CO2的上述3种来源中,生物质的贡献最大.燃煤的贡献在夜间(00:00、04:00和20:00)多于白天(08:00、12:00和16:00),且随高度的升高而增大;机动车尾气的贡献则随高度的升高而降低.大气CO2浓度时空分布特征体现了上海市郊嘉定区大气CO2的排放特征和各来源的传输特性.     

Ni/Ce-Y沸石的制备及其对二苯并噻吩吸附研究

研究了负载二元金属NiCe-Y沸石的制备以及吸附二苯并噻吩的动力学性能。试验考察了二元金属Ni、Ce离子交换顺序、负载溶液方面对吸附剂制备的影响,初步得到了制备负载二元金属NiCe-Y吸附剂的优化条件。对NiCe-Y吸附剂进行脱硫性能评价及动力学分析,结果表明,负载二元金属NiCe-Y吸附剂比负载单一金属的Ni-Y吸附量提高31%,比Ce-Y吸附剂提高16%。     

Ce3+在土壤中的扩散

通过^141Ce^3 同位素示踪法，研究了不同温度（19℃，30℃，40℃）和土壤饱和含水量（25％，37％，50％）条件下Ce^3 在四种土壤中的扩散。通过Fick第二定律推导的扩散系数计算公式，求得Ce^3 在不同条件下不同土壤中的扩散系数，结果表明：Ce^3 在土壤中的扩散系数因土壤类型、温度、土壤水分含量的不同而存在明显的差异。Ce^3 在四种土壤中的扩散系数与温度呈正比，随温度的升高（19℃→40℃），扩散系数逐渐增大；土壤水分含量在一定数量下（小于饱和土壤含水量），扩散系数与土壤水分含量呈明显相关；在相同条件下，Ce^3 在四种土壤中扩散系数的大小顺序为：马肝土＞黄土＞潮土＞黑土。     

西苕溪流域地表水与地下水相互作用特征!

为探寻西苕溪地表、地下水体的来源和补排关系,对西苕溪流域丰水期和平水期的地表、地下水进行了氢氧同位素(δD和δ18O)组成分析,并结合水体的水化学参数,推断其来源和补排关系。结果表明:西苕溪流域地表、地下水体主要接受降雨补给,在上游山区中的泉水运移过程较为缓慢,上游地表水与地下水补排关系不明显;中游丘陵地区地表、地下水体相互联系紧密,具体补排关系为3号、4号、6号样点处地表水接受地下水补给,其余样点处为地表水补给地下水;下游农田密集区地下水接受河水补给较少。     

生物炭输入对土壤本体有机碳矿化的影响

近年来,生物炭应用于土壤后其碳汇能力已成为国内外的研究热点,但是目前研究结果显示其碳汇功能仍然存在争议,生物炭与土壤本体有机碳之间的作用关系还有待探明.研究以水稻土(C3土壤)为供试土壤,向其中添加以水洗(CS)和未水洗(CN)方式处理的玉米(C4作物)秸秆生物炭,生物炭分别按1%和3%(CS1%、CS3%和CN1%、CN3%)的质量比与C3土壤均匀混合,以不添加生物炭(CK)为对照处理,每个处理重复3次,开展室内培养实验,探讨生物炭添加对土壤有机碳矿化的影响.结果表明:1在180 d的培养期内,CS1%、CS3%、CN1%这3种处理的土壤CO2累计释放量分别为1 865.7、1 864.4和1 856.2 m L·kg-1,均高于对照土壤CK的1 779.0 m L·kg-1,但未形成显著差异.处理CN3%的CO2累计释放量最大,为2 289.1m L·kg-1,明显高于其他处理及对照土壤.说明较高添加量下,水洗生物炭CS处理减排效果明显;2同位素分析结果显示,CK处理土壤的本体有机碳的CO2累计释放量最高,达到1 534.2 m L·kg-1,CS3%与CN3%处理土壤本体有机碳的CO2累计释放量分别为1 000.4 m L·kg-1和1 153.7 m L·kg-1,均明显低于对照处理,说明2种生物炭的添加均能抑制土壤本体有机碳的矿化.激发效应的结果也验证了这一点,CS3%处理土壤的激发效应PE值为-34.8%,处理CN3%的PE值为-24.8%,CS生物炭的负激发效应更显著.     

Metal-cored arc welding process for joining of modified 9Cr-1Mo (P91) steel

In the present work, metal-cored arc welding process was used for joining of modified 9Cr-1Mo (P91) steel. Metal-cored arc welding process is characterized by high productivity, slag-free process, defect-free weldments that can be produced with ease, and good weldability. Toughness is essential in welds of P91 steel during hydro-testing of vessels. There is a minimum required toughness of 47 J for welds that has to be met as per the EN1557:1997 specification. In the present study, welds were completed using two kinds of shielding gases, each composition being 80% Argon + 20% CO₂, and pure argon respectively. Microstructural characterization and toughness evaluation of welds were done in the as – weld, PWHT at 760 °C – 2 h and PWHT at 760 °C – 5 h conditions. The pure argon shielded welds (‘A2’ and ‘B2’) have higher toughness than 80% argon + 20% CO₂ shielded welds (‘A1’ and ‘B1’). Pure argon shielded welds show less microinclusion content with low volume fraction of δ-ferrite (<2%) phase. Themo-calc windows (TCW) was used for the prediction of equilibrium critical transformation points for the composition of the welds studied. With increase in post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) duration from 2 h to 5 h, there was increase in toughness of welds above 47 J. Using metal-cored arc welding process, it was possible to achieve the required toughness of more than 47 J after PWHT at 760 °C – 2 h in P91 steel welds.     

La/Ce-codoped Bi2O3 composite photocatalysts with high photocatalytic performance in removal of high concentration dye

A series of La/Ce-codoped Bi_2O_3 composite photocatalysts were fabricated via hydrothermal–calcination process. The as-prepared products were intensively characterized by some physicochemical characterizations like N_2 physical adsorption, X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM), transmission electron microscope(TEM), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance(UV–Vis DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),photoelectrochemical measurements, and photoluminescence(PL) spectroscopy. The characterization results indicated that La and Ce doping induced obvious crystal phase transformation in Bi_2O_3, from monoclinic to tetragonal phase. La and Ce codoping also gave rise to the obvious synergetic effects, e.g., the lattice contraction of Bi_2O_3, the decrease of crystal size and the increase of surface area. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared catalysts was evaluated by removal of dye acid orange II with high concentration under visible light irradiation. Results showed that La/Ce-codoped Bi_2O_3 displayed much higher photocatalytic performance than that of bare Bi_2O_3, single La or Ce doped Bi_2O_3 samples. The superior photocatalytic activity was mainly attributed to the improved texture and surface properties and the synergistic effects of La and Ce codoping on suppressing the recombination of photo-generated electrons(e~-) and holes(h~+).     

福建千年桐种源叶片δ13C与环境及叶碳氮含量的关系

选取福建省不同千年桐种源在同一条件下人工培育,通过测定千年桐叶片稳定碳同位素比率(δ¹³C),分析千年桐叶片δ¹³C的特征及其种源差异,以及环境因素和种源生长对其的影响。结果表明,千年桐种源叶片δ¹³C的变化范围在-26.06‰~-24.46‰之间,平均值为-25.54‰,其中莆田、顺昌和沙县种源δ¹³C值较大。千年桐种源叶片δ¹³C值与经纬度之间相关性不显著,与年均温度呈显著正相关,与年均降水量呈显著负相关,年均温度和年均降水量是千年桐δ¹³C值变化的主要限制因素。千年桐种源叶片δ¹³C值与叶N含量以及C/N呈现二次曲线相关性。结合叶片δ¹³C及其对环境因素的响应,莆田、顺昌、沙县千年桐种源具有较高的δ¹³C值,对应较高的水分利用效率,可以考虑栽植在较干旱、贫瘠环境中作为先锋树种,其落叶阔叶的特性也有助于养分回归、改良地力;而政和、尤溪、建阳种源的δ¹³C值相对较小,建议栽植在水分条件较好的湿润地区,充分发挥对水分的摄取能力,提高其生长量。     

The use of δ18O as an indicator of vanadium movement in a dormant stratovolcano region

The oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) stable water tracer can be a promising new tool for identifying trace metals in volcanoes and their sources. In the present study, the origin of vanadium in water from a spring at the base of Mt. Fuji is examined using δ¹⁸O, a dormant stratovolcano consisting of lava and basalt rock located on the North Pacific Coast of Japan. A comparison of water from the main springs at the foot of the Mt. Fuji volcano indicates that only V, Cr, Mn and Co enrichment could be related to volcanic events, whereas Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb originate from the dissolution of particles of anthropogenic origin from the industrial areas of Fuji and Fujinomiya. The average V concentrations at the mountain sites ranged from 50 to 110 µg L^?1 and from 18 to 47 µg L^?1 in the coastal areas. The δ¹⁸O became depleted at higher elevations and increased in coastal areas as well as in some NO₃^?-contaminated water. Therefore, variations in the dissolved V/δ¹⁸O ratio in springs of the study area occur due to the elevations of their catchments and the increased concentrations of δ¹⁸O from NO₃^? as a contaminant.     

农田退水期阿什河氮污染特征及来源解析

利用水质监测技术和稳定同位素示踪技术,对春季农田退水期阿什河河水中ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(TN)特征进行研究并对氮污染来源进行解析. 结果表明,ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(TN)除在阿什河上游源头区水体中较低外,其余大部分区域均较高. 上游源头区采样点 δ 15N值为3.68‰～6.09‰,主要受大气沉降氮和土壤有机氮的污染;中下游区域中一部分采样点δ15N值为5.32‰～7.72‰,主要受农田退水和农村生活污水影响,另一部分采样点δ15N值为8.45‰～11.86‰,主要受畜禽养殖污水影响较大;下游采样点δ15N值较低(3.25‰～4.15‰),主要受工业来源废水污染. 农田,特别是河流两岸的稻田退水对阿什河水质影响较大;城区对阿什河TN和NH₄+-N影响较大,对NO₃--N影响较小.