基于Google Earth Engine分析黄土高原植被覆盖变化及原因

为探明黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化及其原因,基于Google Earth Engine（GEE）,采用Landsat Surface Reflectance data（陆地卫星地表反射率数据）分析了黄土高原1987~2015年间植被覆盖度的时空变化规律,并借助累积量斜率变化率方法对引起植被覆盖度变化的气候和人为因素进行了量化分析.结果表明：黄土高原年均植被覆盖度由1987年的41.78%增加到2015年的53.23%,增速为0.38%/a（P<0.05）.其中,1987~1999年年均植被覆盖度变化趋势不显著（P>0.05）;而退耕还林还草工程实施以来（2000~2015年）,年均植被覆盖度显著增加（P<0.05）,增速达到0.59%/a.由像元尺度分析,黄土高原72.93%的区域植被覆盖度呈增加趋势,其中38.31%的区域增加趋势显著（P<0.05）.植被覆盖度的变化受气候和人为因素的共同影响,以1987~1999年为基准期,气候变化和人类活动对黄土高原2000~2015年间植被覆盖度变化的相对贡献率分别为23.77%、76.23%,人类活动为引起黄土高原植被覆盖度变化的主要原因.退耕还林还草工程极大地改善了黄土高原的植被覆盖状况,但是城市的扩张使得部分地区的植被覆盖呈显著退化现象.     

藏北高原土壤温度异常变化及其与雪灾关系初析

通过对ＧＡＭＥ－Ｔｉｂｅｔ野外工作期间所得藏北高原一个年周期的土壤温度资料的初步分析,发现藏北高原１９９７￣１９９８年冬半年土壤日温差的分布存在明显的异常现象;指出了这种异常现象的发生可能与藏北高原１９９７年冬天的特大雪灾有关。从浅层土壤日温差的异常变化,定性地说明了藏北高原１９９７￣１９９８年冬半年不同地点雪灾的严重程度,但由于受资料的限制,目前尚无法进行定量的评估。     

基于QMEC分析的青藏高原不同类型冰川前缘地土壤微生物功能潜力

微生物通过多种功能代谢过程主导着因气候变暖裸露的冰川前缘地土壤元素的地球化学循环.以青藏高原的海洋型冰川、亚大陆型冰川和极大陆型冰川的前缘地土壤为研究对象,分析不同类型冰川前缘地土壤的微生物功能特征.依次选择玉龙冰川、天山乌鲁木齐1号冰川和老虎沟12号冰川作为三类冰川的典型代表,采用高通量功能基因芯片(QMEC)检测土壤微生物的功能基因特征.结果表明,在三类冰川前缘地土壤中,半纤维素降解基因和还原型乙酰辅酶A途径相关的碳固定基因丰度最高,三者主要的氮功能基因和氨化作用有关,磷、硫功能基因则主要与有机磷矿化过程和硫氧化过程相关.其中,水热条件较好的海洋型冰川的微生物功能基因的种类与丰度最高,其次为环境较为干燥的极大陆型冰川.三类冰川前缘地土壤的微生物功能基因结构的显著差异,证实了地理环境差异对微生物功能特征的影响,也为不同类型冰川前缘地土壤微生物的功能及其介导的元素地球化学循环研究提供了基础.     

香格里拉区域大气本底站地面臭氧浓度的变化特征

对2009年香格里拉区域大气本底站地面臭氧观测结果进行分析,研究其浓度水平、变化特征、影响因素及其区域代表性。结果表明:香格里拉站地面O₃月均值浓度在21.8~57.7 ppb,年平均值为38.0±12.1 ppb,在春季最高,平均值为54.1 ppb,在夏季最低,平均值为28.0 ppb。O₃小时均值浓度超过60 ppb的小时数占总有效小时数的6.6%,超过40 ppb的小时数占43.0%。与相近纬度中国东部地区区域大气本底站地面臭氧观测结果相比,香格里拉站体现出不同的O₃日变化和季节变化特征,具有特殊的地域特征。影响香格里拉站的气流主要来自于其西南方向,3 d的后向轨迹可追溯到孟加拉湾东北部地区。偏南的气流主要出现在夏秋季节,O₃浓度相对低,偏北的气流以冬春为主,O₃浓度相对高。     

基于Sentinel-2A影像估算黄土高原光合/非光合植被盖度

以黄土高原为例,基于Sentinel-2A影像和地表实测地物光谱与盖度数据,分别在模拟混合场景和野外实测混合场景中,评估4种NPV植被指数(NPVI):SWIR32(短波红外比值指数)、DFI(干枯燃料指数)、STI(土壤耕作指数)和NDTI(归一化差异耕作指数)估算非光合植被盖度(f_NPV)的有效性,并利用优化法确定线性光谱混合模型的关键参数端元值,估算研究区光合植被盖度(f_PV)和f_NPV.结果表明,在模拟混合场景下,4种NPVI与模拟f_NPV线性关系的R²是0.365~0.750;在野外场景中,其相关性均有一定程度的降低,R²是0.147~0.211.研究构建NDVI-SWIR32像元三分模型,并确定了最优端元值:NDVI_PV=0.80,SWIR32_PV=0.60, NDVI_NPV=0.17,SWIR32_NPV=0.77,NDVI_BS=0.23,SWIR32_BS=0.99.模型对f_PV和f_NPV估算精度R²分别是0.817和0.463,NSE分别是0.806和0.458.利用该模型估算全区2019年4、8和12月的平均f_PV和f_NPV,分别为20.3%和59.2%,48.6%和33.1%,10.7%和59.0%.随时间推移,f_PV从东南向西北不断增加而后减小,f_NPV与之相反. NDVI-SWIR32模型可以用于Sentinel-2A影像数据来监测黄土高原地区f_PV和f_NPV的时空动态变化.     

Vertical distribution characteristics of soil mercury and its formation mechanism in permafrost regions: A case study of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Continuing permafrost degradation is increasing the risk of mercury(Hg) exposure in the permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP), but related studies are still limited, especially the ones on the detailed Hg migration processes in permafrost. The vertical distribution characteristics of soil Hg were investigated in three ecosystems in the Beiluhe area on the QTP, and its influencing factors and formation mechanism were investigated. The results indicate that the total soil mercury(...     

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sediment core from Lake Dagze Co, Tibetan Plateau, China: Comparison of three receptor models

Receptor models are a useful tool for identifying sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multiple environmental media. In this study, three different receptor models (including the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Unmix models) were used to apportion the sources of 16 priority PAHs in a sediment core of Lake Dagze Co. The ∑PAHs (sum of all 16 measured PAHs) concentrations ranged from 51.89 to 132.82 ng/g with an average of 80.39 ng/g. The ∑PAHs were dominated by 2-3 ring PAHs, accounting for 80.12% on average, thereby indicating that they mainly originated from biomass and coal combustion and/or from long-range atmospheric transportation. The three models produced consistent source apportionment results. The greatest contributor to ∑PAHs was biomass combustion, followed by coal combustion, vehicle emissions, and petrogenic sources. Moreover, the temporal variation of the common sources was well-correlated among models. The multi-method comparison and evaluation results showed that all three models were useful tools for source apportionment of PAHs, with the PMF model providing better results than the PCA-MLR and Unmix models. The temporal trends of factor contributions were verified by PAHs with different ring numbers. Significant correlations were found between the simulated concentrations of each source factor and the PAHs with different ring numbers (P<0.01), except for the petrogenic source identified by the Unmix model (P>0.05). This study can provide useful information for further investigation of source apportionment of PAHs in the sediment cores.     

“放管服”改革下建设工程地震安全监管的制度重构

国务院推行“放管服”改革后,投资项目前置审批条件进一步精简,建设工程地震安全性评价由行政审批改为强制性评估,监管的方式发生了变化。改革后的地震安全监管具有技术服务属性、审查时序变化、用户主体责任和市场竞争机制等特征。建议主管部门从拓展公共服务、建设监管平台、引入信用评价、完善协同机制四个方面重构建设工程地震安全监管制度体系,确保建设工程抗震设防水平不降低。     

Effects of interactions between anthropogenic stressors and recurring perturbations on ecosystem resilience and collapse

Insights into declines in ecosystem resilience and their causes and effects can inform preemptive action to avoid ecosystem collapse and loss of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. Empirical studies of ecosystem collapse are rare and hampered by ecosystem complexity, nonlinear and lagged responses, and interactions across scales. We investigated how an anthropogenic stressor could diminish ecosystem resilience to a recurring perturbation by altering a critical ecosystem driver. We studied groundwater-dependent, peat-accumulating, fire-prone wetlands known as upland swamps in southeastern Australia. We hypothesized that underground mining (stressor) reduces resilience of these wetlands to landscape fires (perturbation) by diminishing groundwater, a key ecosystem driver. We monitored soil moisture as an indicator of ecosystem resilience during and after underground mining. After landscape fire, we compared responses of multiple state variables representing ecosystem structure, composition, and function in swamps within the mining footprint with unmined reference swamps. Soil moisture declined without recovery in swamps with mine subsidence (i.e., undermined), but was maintained in reference swamps over 8 years (effect size 1.8). Relative to burned reference swamps, burned undermined swamps showed greater loss of peat via substrate combustion; reduced cover, height, and biomass of regenerating vegetation; reduced postfire plant species richness and abundance; altered plant species composition; increased mortality rates of woody plants; reduced postfire seedling recruitment; and extirpation of a hydrophilic animal. Undermined swamps therefore showed strong symptoms of postfire ecosystem collapse, whereas reference swamps regenerated vigorously. We found that an anthropogenic stressor diminished the resilience of an ecosystem to recurring perturbations, predisposing it to collapse. Avoidance of ecosystem collapse hinges on early diagnosis of mechanisms and preventative risk reduction. It may be possible to delay or ameliorate symptoms of collapse or to restore resilience, but the latter appears unlikely in our study system due to fundamental alteration of a critical ecosystem driver. Efectos de las interacciones entre los estresantes antropogénicos y las perturbaciones recurrentes sobre la resiliencia y el colapso de los ecosistemas     

青藏高原夏季500hPa纬向风昼夜差异及其影响

论文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国142 个测站12 小时降水资料,采用线性倾向估计、合成分析、相关分析等方法,对青藏高原夏季500 hPa 纬向风的昼夜变化特征及其影响进行了分析。结果表明：自1950 年以来,高原夏季500 hPa 昼、夜纬向风均呈现整体减弱趋势,且减弱趋势夜间比白天明显,纬向风日较差呈增大趋势。高原昼、夜纬向风在1967 年均存在减弱突变,纬向风日较差存在1965 年的减小突变和1975 年的增大突变,纬向风日较差具有4~6 a 及16~23 a 的显著周期。高原昼夜纬向风异常,使得高原东侧及其以东地区出现异常的上升或下沉气流,且高原纬向风减弱时,长江以北的我国大部分地区降水偏少,长江以南地区降水偏多,降水对高原纬向风异常响应的昼夜差异主要表现在四川盆地东西部降水异常的昼夜差异上。