Enhanced anaerobic fermentation with azo dye as electron acceptor： Simultaneous acceleration of organics decomposition and azo decolorization

Accumulation of hydrogen during anaerobic processes usually results in low decomposition of volatile organic acids（VFAs）. On the other hand, hydrogen is a good electron donor for dye reduction, which would help the acetogenic conversion in keeping low hydrogen concentration. The main objective of the study was to accelerate VFA composition through using azo dye as electron acceptor. The results indicated that the azo dye serving as an electron acceptor could avoid H2 accumulation and accelerate anaerobic digestion of VFAs. After adding the azo dye, propionate decreased from 2400.0 to 689.5 mg/L and acetate production increased from 180.0 to 519.5 mg/L. It meant that the conversion of propionate into acetate was enhanced. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that the abundance of propionate-utilizing acetogens with the presence of azo dye was greater than that in a reference without azo dye. The experiments via using glucose as the substrate further demonstrated that the VFA decomposition and the chemical oxygen demand（COD） removal increased by 319.7 mg/L and 23.3% respectively after adding the azo dye. Therefore, adding moderate azo dye might be a way to recover anaerobic system from deterioration due to the accumulation of H2 or VFAs.     

Mechanism of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption inhibition on biochar by its aging process

Biochar exposed in the environment may experience a series of surface changes, which is called biochar aging. In order to study the effects of biochar aging on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption, we analyzed the surface properties before and after biochar aging with scanning electron microscopy（SEM） coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDX） and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（DRIFTS）, and then explored the influence of the aging process on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption by batch experiments. After the aging process, the oxygen concentration, phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ethers and other oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface increased, while carboxyl groups slightly decreased. Thus, over a range of pH, the cation exchange capacity（CEC） and adsorption capacity of Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar were smaller than those of new biochar,indicating that when biochar is incubated at constant temperature and water holding capacity in the dark, the aging process may inhibit Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Meanwhile, the dissociation characteristics of oxygen-containing functional groups changed through the aging process, which may be the mechanism by which the biochar aging process inhibits the Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Carboxyl groups became more easily dissociated at low pH（3.3–5.0）,and the variation of maximum adsorption capability（qm） of Cu（Ⅱ） on the old biochar was enlarged. Phenolic hydroxyl groups increased after the aging, making them and carboxyl groups more difficult to dissociate at high pH（5.0–6.8）, and the variation of qmof Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar was reduced.     

采用TOT模式的城镇污水处理厂项目实施过程分析

以某城镇污水处理厂TOT项目为例,介绍了城镇污水处理厂项目TOT实施流程,对关键实施过程逐一进行了分析.结果表明,在实施城镇污水处理厂TOT项目时,对项目进行尽职调查、技术分析、财务分析和风险分析是实施的关键过程,为相关工程项目具体操作提供参考.     

排污费改税的法律思考

排污税与宏观因素息息相关,在商品经济流转过程中税负可随产品转嫁给消费者,有效减少环境污染成本较高的产品购买量,实现了资源的再分配利用,引导绿色消费取向。     

固定流量过程高浓度废水回用水网络设计

现有的水系统直观优化设计研究以新鲜水用量最小为目标,优先回用低浓度水源,考虑废水处理能力较少。文章基于多杂质固定流量问题,提出完全回用特殊高浓度水源的新方法——累积杂质负荷相减法(cumulative contaminant load reduction algorithm,CCLRA)。设计时,首先确定特殊高浓度水源及可回用该水源的需水流,然后从需水累积杂质负荷中除去该部分水源所含杂质负荷,最后按照关键杂质浓度由低到高的顺序回用其他水源。通过实例比较不同设计思路所得水网络,证明新方法设计过程简单,可兼顾高浓度水源回用和新鲜水用量最小目标,适用于含有其他工艺过程可消耗高浓度水源的水网络优化设计。     

环保税立法 二氧化碳排放征税与否争议最大

正"环境保护税最终就是要体现谁污染谁交税的原则,这里面会有利益的博弈",针对正在起草中的环境保护税法,全国政协委员、财政部副部长朱光耀近期在接受记者采访时表示,这部法体现了人民向污染和雾霾宣战的呼声。目前看来,是否对二氧     

过程安全管理关键要素——测量和指标探讨

介绍了过程安全管理关键要素"测量和指标"的主要内容,探讨了过程安全绩效指标的重要性、原理、分级、设置和用途,并以变更管理为例列举了过程安全绩效指标示例,为过程安全绩效指标设置提供借鉴。     

HSE管理体系增值审核的探讨

探讨了增值审核的概念,提出开展HSE管理体系增值审核的方法。     

多种发电过程的大气污染物排放比较及环境影响

通过调研计算了多种发电设备(燃气轮机、内燃机、燃料电池、锅炉—气轮机组等)功率及发电量对应的NOX、SOX、粉尘等大气污染物的排放量,对不同发电设备排放的污染物对环境的影响进行分析和评价。本文工作有助于了解各种不同发电设备的污染物排放量的大小以及它对环境污染影响程度。     

小流域农业面源氮污染时空特征及与土壤呼吸硝化关系分析

土壤呼吸与硝化特性是控制土壤生态系统中氮素转化和面源氮流失的关键因子,也是土壤氮循环的重要组成部分.选取位于巢湖北部的柘皋河流域作为案例研究区,应用BaPS技术测定林地和农田土壤呼吸、硝化和反硝化特性,运用SWAT模型分析农业面源氮污染输出的时空特征,并初步探讨土壤呼吸和硝化特性与农业面源氮污染的相互作用关系.结果表明,由于土地利用和施肥量的变化,1996~2012年间的年均和月均面源氮污染负荷明显大于1980~1995年间的模拟结果,不同月份的面源氮污染输出负荷均存在显著性差异,月均氮负荷受降雨量影响密切.1996~2012年流域面源总氮流失平均负荷为10.40 kg·hm-2,明显大于1980~1995年的8.10 kg·hm-2,方差分析表明两个时期面源总氮流失负荷的空间分布存在一定的差异.林地的呼吸速率远大于农田的呼吸速率.农田较高的总硝化速率和反硝化速率导致土壤氮库中的氮素减少,从而在一定程度上使得面源氮污染的输出负荷减小.农田土壤的总硝化速率大于反硝化速率,导致农田硝态氮的面源污染流失量增加,而有机氮的流失量有所减少.因此,土壤呼吸与硝化特性的研究有利于从土壤生物学角度深入分析土壤氮循环,对农业面源氮污染的防治具有重要的理论和现实意义.