矿区废弃地生态修复中丛枝菌根真菌接种效应

利用粉煤灰、煤矸石和污泥3种配比的复合基质作为试种土壤,接种丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）进行盆栽实验,通过考察接种AMF对复合基质中植物出苗率、根冠比以及植物对总氮、速效磷和速效钾吸收的影响,研究矿区生态修复过程中AMF对的接种效应。结果表明,接种AMF,明显促进矿区复合基质中植物的生长,有效增加了宿主植物对营养元素的吸收,增加了矿区复合基质的有机质含量,加速矿区复合基质的熟化     

Effects of metal lead on growth and mycorrhizae of an invasive plant species （Solidago canadensis L.）

It is less known whether and how soil metal lead (Pb) impacts the invasion of exotic plants.A greenhouse experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of lead on the growth and mycorrhizae of an invasive species(Solidago canadensis L.)in a microcosm system. Each microcosm unit was separated into HOST and TEST compartments by a replaceable mesh screen that allowed arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal hyphae rather than plant roots to grow into the TEST compartments.Three Pb levels(control,300,and 600 mg/kg soil)were used in this study to simulate ambient soil and two pollution sites where S. canadensis grows.Mycorrhizal inoculum comprised five indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species (Glomus mosseae,Glomus versiform,Glomus diaphanum,Glomus geosporum,and Glomus etunicatum).The 15N isotope tracer was used to quantify the mycorrhizally mediated nitrogen acquisition of plants.The results showed that S. canadensis was highly dependent on mvcOrrhizae.The Pb additions significantly decreased biomass and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization(root length colonized,RLC%) but did not affect spore numbers,N(including total N and 15N) and P uptake.The facilitating efficiency of mycorrhizae on nutrient acquisition was promoted by Pb treatments.The Pb was mostly sequestered in belowground of plant (root and rhizome).The results suggest that the high efficiency of mycorrhizae on nutrient uptake mightgive S. canadensis a great advantage over native species in Pb polluted softs.     

外生菌根真菌Xerocomus chrysenteron对DDT胁迫的耐受性及酶响应研究

在纯培养条件下,研究了外生菌根真菌红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)对不同浓度DDT的生长效应、耐受性和氧化酶活性,测定了在DDT浓度为80.0mg·L-1液体培养条件下菌种生物量积累和漆酶活性随培养时间的变化.结果表明,不同浓度DDT处理并不会改变被试菌种的生长模式,所有处理组均为典型的Logistic增长;Xerocomus chrysenteron对DDT胁迫有很好的耐受性,其半抑制浓度可达139.75 mg·L-1;在80.0 mg·L-1液体培养条件下,Xerocomus chrysenteron生长正常,且36 d后培养液中DDT残留率仅为初始添加量的3.5%;在高浓度DDT胁迫下,被试菌种的漆酶和过氧化物酶活性显著增强,但液体培养条件下漆酶从第16 d开始出现,36 d后培养液中漆酶活性和比活力分别达到107.24 U·L-1和61.77 U·g-1外生菌根真菌Xerocomus chrysenteron通过不同方式来响应DDT胁迫,显示出生物降解甚至矿化DDT的巨大潜力.     

钙和钙离子通道阻断剂对丛枝菌根真菌吸收镉的影响

本试验以三叶草(Trifolium repense L.)为宿主植物,Glomusintra radices为供试菌种,通过分室系统将外生菌丝与植物根系分隔开,并对菌丝室加以不同含量水平的Ca2+、Cd2+和Ca2+通道阻断剂(Verapamil、LaCl3)进行处理,研究在菌丝吸收过程中Cd2+与Ca2+以及Ca2+通道之间的关系.试验结果表明,高Cd2+和LaCl3处理可促进菌丝发育;高Cd2+和Verapamil、LaCl3处理不同程度地降低了菌丝对Ca2+的吸收;高Ca2+和LaCl3处理则可提高菌丝对Cd2+的吸收.根据本试验结果可以认为,Cd2+在菌丝上的跨膜转运不是通过Ca2+通道完成,而且高Ca2+水平有利于Cd2+被菌丝吸收.     

菲、芘污染土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对土壤酶活性的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对菲、芘复合污染土壤中微生物数量和酶活性的影响.结果表明,接种AMF显著增加了三叶草根际和菌丝际土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,并对微生物区系有选择性.在供试菲、芘污染浓度范围内,低浓度菲、芘对土壤多酚氧化酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性有激活作用;但当菲、芘浓度升高时,3种酶活性受到抑制.与无植物对照土壤相比,接种AMF后三叶草菌根际酸性磷酸酶活性降低了2.4%~23.1%,过氧化氢酶活性增加了12.6%~20.3%,除高浓度处理外多酚氧化酶活性均增加;菌丝际多酚氧化酶活性比菌根际低12.9%~62.9%,酸性磷酸酶活性比菌根际高3.3%~24.0%,过氧化氢酶活性则高于菌根际.     

Soluble protein and acid phosphatase exuded by ectomycorrhizal fungi and seedlings in response to excessive Cu and Cd

Fungi and their symbionts can alleviate heavy metal stress by exuding soluble proteins and enzymes. This study examined the role of soluble protein and acid phosphatase (APase) exuded by Xerocomus chrysenteron, an ectomycorrhizal fungus, and the seedlings of its symbiont, Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis), under conditions of excessive Cu and Cd. The growth type showed that this poorly studied ectomycorrhizal fungus was capable of tolerating high concentrations of Cu, and may be useful in phytoremediation. X. chrysenteron grew well at 80 mg/L Cu, and the EC50 for Cd was 17.82 mg/L. X. chrysenteron also showed enhanced exudation of soluble protein in both isolated and inoculated cultivations under the influence of Cu and Cd. Soluble protein exudation, however, di ered under Cu and Cd stress in isolates. In mediums containing Cu, soluble protein exudation increased with concentration, but in mediums containing Cd the content of soluble protein increased to a comparable level at all concentrations. This study demonstrated that soluble protein was related to heavy metal tolerance, although the di erent ions played di erent roles. While APase activity in exudates of fungi and seedlings decreased under Cu and Cd stress in comparison to the control, the APase activity in seedlings was maintained by inoculation. Thus, X. chrysenteron facilitated the ability of plant to maintain a normal nutrient uptake, and therefore to protect it from heavy metal toxicity.     

黑麦草-菌根-蚯蚓对多氯联苯污染土壤的联合修复效应

采用水稻土盆栽试验,研究了黑麦草-蚯蚓-菌根对多氯联苯(PCB)污染土壤的联合修复效应.试验土壤中PCB含量为307.2 ng·g-1,并设添加蚯蚓(E)、种植黑麦草(R)、黑麦草-蚯蚓(RE)、黑麦草-接种菌根(RM)及黑麦草-菌根-蚯蚓三者联合修复(RME)5个处理,以不加黑麦草、蚯蚓、菌根的土壤为对照(CK),并...     

丛枝菌根真菌及在石漠化治理中的应用探讨

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是一类能与绝大部分植物的根系形成互惠共生体的微生物。近年来,以AMF主导的菌根共生系统已成为一种新型生物修复主体,它可以显著提高受损和退化生态系统修复重建的成功率、缩短修复周期,并保证修复效果的稳定性。石漠化是制约我国西南喀斯特地区可持续发展的重大生态环境问题。AMF独特的生理生态功能与石漠化地区生态恢复亟待克服的障碍之间有良好的对应关系,这表明AMF在石漠化治理中具有重要的潜在应用价值。本文在对AMF生理生态功能进行综述的基础上,探讨了AMF在石漠化治理中的可利用性和应用途径,旨在为从AMF这一全新角度系统探讨植物对喀斯特生境的适应对策以及为岩溶生态系统退化与恢复机理奠定基础,最终在实践上为我国西南地区的石漠化治理及生态经济可持续发展提供一条崭新有效的新途径。     

DDT在红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)培养体系中的转移降解特性

在纯培养条件下,研究外生菌根真菌红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)对DDT的吸附能力,通过测定液体、菌表和胞内DDT及DDD的含量来探讨DDT在培养体系中的迁移转化模式,并通过改变培养条件来确定和修正DDT的去除机理.结果表明,红绒盖牛肝菌对DDT有很强的吸附作用,30 min内有97%的DDT吸附到菌丝上,吸附过程符合二级动力学方程.DDT在红绒盖牛肝菌培养体系中的迁移转化分为3个阶段:从液体到菌表和胞内的迁移存储阶段(0～6 d),降解去除阶段(6～10 d)和稳定迁移阶段(10～25 d).通过影响因素的分析发现,呼吸链抑制剂叠氮化钠完全抑制了降解去除阶段DDT的去除,而低糖条件可使培养体系中DDT的去除提前.      

空心莲子草入侵对土壤AM真菌生物量和群落结构的影响——以湖北省典型区域为例

土壤丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌具有维持植被稳定性和多样性的重要作用.为了解空心莲子草入侵过程中与AM真菌的相互作用,采用脂肪酸甲酯(FAMEs)和基于18S rDNA的PCR-DGGE方法对湖北咸宁、仙桃和武汉三地空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)入侵前后土壤AM真菌的生物量和群落结构进行了比较分析.结果发现,基于FAMEs表征的AM真菌生物量在空心莲子草入侵后变化不大,仅仙桃地区显著增加(P<0.05).尽管DGGE图谱显示咸宁、仙桃和武汉三地AM真菌优势类群的群落结构均发生了明显演替,但群落间物种组成差异的多样性指数βWH在2.55-2.73之间、群落多样性指数H′在1.22-1.38之间,变化均不大.结果表明,空心莲子草入侵所形成的植物更替明显改变了AM真菌优势类群的结构,但对AM真菌的生物量和多样性影响很小.