某戈壁区域地表气溶胶粒度特性研究

为了对进入某戈壁区域的人员内照射剂量计算提供充足有效的数据,深入研究该地区的气溶胶粒度特性具有重要意义。使用大流量采样器采集粒径10μm的气溶胶,再由γ谱仪测量核素活度;使用电子低压碰撞器(ELPI)测量气溶胶粒径分布。结果表明:扰动状态下的再悬浮系数比自然状态下的高约3个数量级;自然状态下气溶胶数量中位直径(CMAD)介于0.066～0.158μm之间,质量中位直径(MMAD)介于0.315～10.846μm之间;扰动状态下,气溶胶数量中位直径介于0.051～0.089μm之间,质量中位直径介于15.730～17.422μm之间。     

水中氨氮测定不确定度的评定

采用蒸馏-中和滴定法测定水中氨氮,建立数学模型,找出影响不确定度的来源并进行各分量不确定度的评价,如实反映测量的置信度和准确度.     

全新世哈尼泥炭地碳积累速率及影响因素

本工作研究了全新世中国东北地区哈尼泥炭地的碳积累速率与气候变化的响应机制。综合多指标腐殖化度、有机碳含量、干容重和纤维素碳氧同位素重建了哈尼地区全新世气候变化历史,并且基于定年、有机碳含量和干容重得到碳积累速率数据。哈尼泥炭时间加权平均碳积累速率28.3gC/(m2·a)。B/A暖期后期温暖湿润气候有利于碳积累,出现碳积累高峰。相对寒冷的新仙女木期碳积累速率有所降低。温暖湿润早中全新世虽有高泥炭分解,但高初级生产力还是占据主导作用,出现高碳积累速率。期间有两次火山碎屑层扰动了泥炭发育,导致碳积累速率下降。高碳积累速率一直持续到4ka BP左右大暖期结束。4.0~1.6ka BP太平洋季风减弱,泥炭表面偏干,加之降温导致低初级生产力,最终导致此阶段碳积累速率显著降低。之后季风不断增强,碳积累速率也随之增加。八次IRD降温,小冰期和新仙女木降温在哈尼都是冷湿气候组合。冷湿气候虽使有机物分解降低,但更大程度的抑制了初级生产力发展,导致低碳积累速率。     

《环境与可持续发展》简介

《环境与可持续发展》(原《环境科学动态》,CSSCI来源期刊和全国中文核心期刊)于1976年创刊,由环境保护部主管,环境保护部环境发展中心(中日友好环境保护中心)主办,环境保护部环境与经济政策研究中心负责办刊。     

推动环境标志认证 引领可持续消费 促进绿色经济发展

环境保护部环境认证中心(简称认证中心)隶属于中日友好环境保护中心(环境保护部环境发展中心),主要负责环境标志相关的管理和研究工作。认证中心内设标准与政策研究室、绿色采购推进室、环境标志使用审核登记室和综合室四个部门。     

中日安全生产监管体系的比较分析

近年来,虽然我国安全生产形势出现了好转,但安全生产形势仍然严峻,不容乐观。本文在对中、日两国安全生产形势进行分析的基础上,对比分析了中、日两国的安全生产监督管理体系,并归纳总结了日本安全生产监督管理体系的借鉴之处,指出了我国安全生产监督管理体系中存在的问题,以为我国安全生产监督管理体系的不断完善和健康发展提供借鉴。     

Competition of bloom-forming marine phytoplankton at low nutrient concentrations

Competition of three bloom-forming marine phytoplankton (diatom Skeletonema costatum, and dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum and Alexandrium tamarense) was studied through a series of multispecies cultures with di erent nitrate (NaNO3) and phosphate (NaH2PO4) levels and excess silicate to interpret red tide algae succession. S. costatum outgrew the other two dinoflagellates in nitrate and phosphate replete cultures with 10 mol/L Na2SiO3. Under nitrate limited (8.82 mol/L NaNO3) conditions, the growth of S. costatum was also dominant when phosphate concentrations were from 3.6 to 108 mol/L. Cell density of the two dinoflagellates only increased slightly, to less than 400 and 600 cells/mL, respectively. Cell density of S. costatum decreased with time before day 12, and then increased to 4000 cells/mL (1.5 mg/L dry biomass) at NaNO3 concentrations between 88.2 and 882 mol/L with limited phosphate (0.36 mol/L NaH2PO4) levels. In addition, P. minimum grew well with a maximal cell density of 1690–2100 cells/mL (0.5–0.6 mg/L dry biomass). Although S. costatum initially grew fast, its cell density decreased quickly with time later in the growth phase and the two dinoflagellates were dominant under the nitrate-limited and high nitrate conditions with limited phosphate. These results indicated that the diatom was a poor competitor compared to the two dinoflagellates under limited phosphate; however, it grew well under limited nitrate when growth of the dinoflagellates was near detection limits.     

含固率和接种比对叶菜类蔬菜垃圾厌氧消化的影响

通过叶菜类蔬菜垃圾中温批式厌氧消化实验,比较了含固率(3%、5%、7%)和接种比(1.5、2.5、3.5)对产甲烷效果的联合影响.结果表明,在研究实验参数范围内,含固率越低、接种比越高,越有利于缩短产甲烷反应迟滞期,平均日产甲烷速率越快.经过52d的培养,在含固率为3%、接种比为3.5的工况中,平均日产甲烷速率最快,达到9.5mL/(gVS·d),日最大产甲烷速率最快,达到49.8mL/(gVS·d),最早进入快速产甲烷期.当接种比为3.5时,随着含固率的升高,产甲烷速率下降,迟滞期延长,但单位底物累计产甲烷量增大,含固率7%时单位底物累计净产甲烷量为481mL/gVS.而当接种比为1.5时,含固率为5%和7%的工况均无法启动甲烷化反应,含固率为3%的工况的产气迟滞期达15d.挥发性有机酸的累积抑制甲烷化反应的启动,迟滞期随着液相中有机酸浓度的增加而延长,当有机酸浓度低于1260mg/L,甲烷化反应没有明显的迟滞期.     

硅烷偶联剂对油页岩灰渣制备疏水性SiO_2气凝胶介孔材料的影响

以油页岩灰渣制备的水玻璃为原料,采用不同种类的硅烷偶联剂,在常压下制备了多孔疏水SiO2气凝胶。实验结果表明:在常压干燥之前,对湿凝胶进行溶剂交换-表面改性,是获得多孔气凝胶的关键。未加入硅烷偶联剂制备的气凝胶具有微孔结构;不同硅烷偶联剂制备的SiO2气凝胶均为纳米颗粒组成的中孔结构,比表面积800~980 m2/g,密度0.084~0.11 g/m3,最可几孔径9.38~10.10 nm;FT-IR分析结果表明凝胶表面Si-OH已被改性为Si-CH3,表面呈现较强的疏水性,且疏水性HMDZ>TMCS>DMDC。TG-DTA实验结果表明,改性气凝胶的热稳定性都能达到350℃,HMDZ和TMCS的气凝胶具有更高的热稳定性。     

Effect of a high strength chemical industry wastewater on microbial community dynamics and mesophilic methane generation

A high strength chemical industry wastewater was assessed for its impact on anaerobic microbial com- munity dynamics and consequently mesophilic methane generation. Cumulative methane production was 251 mL/g total chemical oxygen demand removed at standard temperature and pressure at the end of 30 days experimental period with a highest recorded methane percentage of 80.6% of total biogas volume. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） analysis revealed that acetic acid was the major intermediate VFAs produced with propionic acid accumulating over the experimental period. Quantitative analysis of microbial communities in the test and control groups with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction highlighted that in the test group, Eubacteria （96.3%） was dominant in comparison with methanogens （3.7%）. The latter were dominated by Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales while in test groups increased over the experimental period, reaching a maximum on day 30. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile was performed, targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Eubacteria and Archaea, with the DNA samples extracted at 3 different time points from the test groups. A phylogenetic tree was constructed for the sequences using the neighborhood joining method. The analysis revealed that the presence of organisms resembling Syntrophomonadaceae could have contributed to increased production of acetic and propionic acid intermediates while decrease of organisms resembling Pelotomaculum sp. could have most likely contributed to accumulation of propionic acid. This study suggested that the degradation of organic components within the high strength industrial wastewater is closely linked with the activity of certain niche microbial communities within eubacteria and methanogens.